Skip to main content
뒤로

General Biology: Key Concepts from Biological Science

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/41

이 집합의 용어 (41)

  • Five fundamental characteristics of all living organisms

    Cells, Replication, Information ( all organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes), Energy, and Evolution

  • Hierarchy of biological organization from largest to smallest
    Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule
  • Cell theory main points
    All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells.

  • Difference between theory, hypothesis, and prediction

    Theory explains broad phenomena with evidence; a hypothesis is a testable statement explaining observations; a prediction is a measurable or observable result, must be correct if the hypothesis is valid

  • What did Louis Pasteur's experiment demonstrate?

    Cells arise from preexisting cells; disproved spontaneous generation (organisms can arise spontaneously under certain conditions)

  • Chromosomal theory of inheritance - definition and who was it proposed by?

    Hereditary information is encoded in genes, which are located on chromosomes (aka deoxyribonucleic acid; made of DNA). Proposed by Sutton and Boveri

  • Base pairing rules in DNA & Purpose?

    Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T), Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G) through hydrogen bonds. This pairing allows DNA to be copied

  • Central dogma of molecular biology

    Describes the flow of information in cells --> DNA codes for RNA, and RNA codes for proteins.

  • Role of messenger RNA (mRNA)

    mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis (translation).

  • What causes genetic variation in DNA?

    Mutations—changes in DNA sequence that may alter proteins --> can change outward appearance & lead to heritable variations that increase diversity

  • Two fundamental nutritional needs of organisms
    Acquire chemical energy as ATP and obtain molecules to build DNA, RNA, and proteins.
  • How do plants and bacteria acquire energy?
    They produce sugar using sunlight (photosynthesis) and use it to make ATP or store energy.
  • Domains of life

    Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotes; single-celled), and Eukarya (eukaryotes; e.g., plants, animals).

  • Definition of evolution? Population?

    • Change in characteristics of a population over time

    • Group of individuals of same species living in same area at same time

  • Conditions required for natural selection

    Individuals must vary in their heritable characteristics, and certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions.

  • Difference between fitness and adaptation

    Fitness is the ability to produce offspring; Adaptation is a trait that increases fitness.

    ex: A brown rabbit has a camouflage adaptation to hide from hawks, and its fitness is shown by the large number of babies it successfully raises because it survived.

  • What does a phylogenetic tree represent? Difference to Tree of Life?

    Genealogical relationships among species (can be any group of organisms) showing common ancestry. Tree of life encompasses all organisms on earth, with a single ancestral species at its base.

  • How is genetic variation analyzed to infer relationships?
    By comparing DNA or RNA sequences; fewer differences indicate closer relationships.
  • Linnaeus' system of classification

    Each organism has a two-part scientific name: genus (capitalized; closely related group of species) and species (lowercase; individuals that regularly breed together), both italicized.

  • Key steps in hypothesis testing

    State the hypothesis and list the predictions it makes, then design experiments or observations to test the predictions.

  • Difference between independent, dependent, and controlled variables
    Independent variable is manipulated; dependent variable is measured; controlled variables are kept constant.

  • What was the pedometer hypothesis in ant navigation? Was it right?

    • Ants track distance by counting steps and stride length to find their way back to the nest; they always know how far they are.

    • Yes

  • Importance of control groups in experiments

    Controls ensure that observed effects are due to the tested variable, not other factors; it is not manipulated.

  • Biosphere

    all environments on earth

  • Ecosystem

    all living and nonliving things in a particular area

  • Community

    all organisms in an ecosystem

  • Population

    all individuals of a species in a particular area

  • Organism

    an individual living thing

  • Organ & Organ Systems

    specialized body parts made up of tissues

  • Tissue

    A group of simillar cells

  • Cell

    life’s fundamental unit of structure and function; separated from their environment by a membrane barrier

  • Organelle

    a structural component of a cell

  • Molecule

    A chemical structure consisting of atoms

  • What is a theory? What are the main three?

    • Explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations supported by a wide body of evidence

    • Cell theory - what are organisms made of?; theory of evolution by natural selection; chromosome theory of inheritance

  • Who termed "cells"? Who coined "animalcules"

    • Robert Hooke

    • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

  • Describe DNA Structure & Who proposed it?

    Structure is two strands (made up of 4 building blocks - A T C & G) that form a double helix . James Watson and Francis Crick

  • What is RNA? What are Proteins?

    • Molecules that carry out specialized functions in cells

    • Crucial to tasks required by cells; form structural components to promote chemical reactions

  • Define Speciation

    occurs when populations diverge to form new species

  • What are Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

    • Organisms that have a nucleus (animals, plants, fungi, protists)

    • Organisms that lack a nucleus (archea, bacteria)

  • Definition of Taxonomy? Taxon?

    • Effort to name and classify organisms

    • A named group (ex, domain (bacteria, archaea, eukarya) & phylum)

  • What is a null hypothesis?

    A default statement that assumes there is no real effect, no significant difference, or no relationship between variables in an experiment

    ex - If testing a new medicine on bacteria, the null hypothesis states that the medicine has no impact on bacterial growth rate compared to a control group