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General Biology: Macromolecules and Biomolecules lab 4

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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • What elements primarily compose organic compounds in living organisms?
    Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S).
  • What are the four main classes of organic macromolecules?
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • What is a polymer and which macromolecules are polymers?
    Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomers. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers.
  • What are the monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?
    Monosaccharides for carbohydrates, amino acids for proteins, and nucleotides for nucleic acids.
  • What distinguishes lipids from other macromolecules?
    Lipids are hydrophobic and generally lack polar groups, often containing fatty acids and phosphate groups.
  • What is the general formula characteristic of carbohydrates?
    Carbohydrates have a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of approximately 2:1, e.g., glucose (C6H12O6).
  • What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
    Monosaccharides are single sugar units; disaccharides are two monosaccharides linked; polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.
  • What is the covalent bond called that links monosaccharides in disaccharides like sucrose?
    A glycosidic bond.
  • What is the difference between starch and cellulose polysaccharides?
    They differ in the type of glucose linkage; starch is for energy storage, cellulose provides structural support.
  • What is Benedict's test used for?
    Detecting the presence of simple sugars like monosaccharides and some disaccharides by color change upon heating.
  • Why are lipids insoluble in water?
    Because they lack polar groups and are non-polar, making them hydrophobic.
  • What structural difference distinguishes saturated from unsaturated lipids?
    Saturated lipids have no double bonds in fatty acid chains; unsaturated lipids have one or more double bonds.
  • What are the main components of a triglyceride?
    One glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains.
  • How do phospholipids differ structurally from triglycerides?
    Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol, making them amphipathic.
  • What does amphipathic mean in phospholipids?
    Having both a hydrophilic (polar phosphate head) and hydrophobic (non-polar fatty acid tails) region.
  • What structural feature is characteristic of steroids?
    Four fused carbon rings.
  • Why are steroids and triglycerides both classified as lipids despite structural differences?
    Both are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
  • What is the functional group that Biuret reagent reacts with in proteins?
    The N-H bond in the amino group of peptide bonds.
  • What causes protein denaturation?
    Disruption of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures by heat, pH changes, solvents, or vibration.
  • What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
    A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars?
    Deoxyribose lacks one oxygen atom at the 2' carbon compared to ribose.
  • What are purines and pyrimidines?
    Purines have a double-ring structure (adenine, guanine); pyrimidines have a single-ring (thymine, cytosine, uracil).
  • How do nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?
    Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine via hydrogen bonds.
  • What does it mean that DNA strands are antiparallel?
    The two strands run in opposite directions: one 5' to 3', the other 3' to 5'.