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General Biology: Macromolecules and Protein Structure

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  • What are the four main types of biological macromolecules?
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • What defines a polymer in biology?
    A polymer is a long molecule made of many similar building blocks called monomers.
  • Which macromolecules are polymers and which are not?
    Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers; lipids are not polymers.
  • What is the basic structure of carbohydrates?
    Carbohydrates are sugars and polymers of sugar, with monomers called monosaccharides that are multiples of \(CH_2O\).
  • What is a disaccharide and how is it formed?
    A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides join by a dehydration reaction, e.g., maltose from two glucose molecules.
  • What are the components of a fat (triacylglycerol)?
    A fat consists of glycerol and three fatty acids.
  • How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ?
    Saturated fats have max hydrogen, stack easily, solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, are liquid at room temperature.
  • What is the structure of a phospholipid?
    A phospholipid has glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; the head is hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic.
  • What characterizes steroids among lipids?
    Steroids have a carbon skeleton of four fused rings, e.g., cholesterol.
  • What are the functions of proteins?
    Proteins function in chemical reactions, defense, storage, transport, communication, movement, and structural support.
  • What are amino acids and how are they linked in proteins?
    Amino acids are protein building blocks linked by peptide bonds between amino and carboxyl groups.
  • How can you identify a peptide bond chemically?
    A peptide bond involves a nitrogen linked to a carbon with a double bonded oxygen (C=O).
  • What is the primary structure of a protein?
    The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
  • What defines the secondary structure of proteins?
    The secondary structure includes coils and folds like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds in the backbone.
  • What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?
    The tertiary structure is shaped by interactions among side chains (R groups), including ionic, polar, and hydrophobic interactions.
  • What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
    The quaternary structure consists of multiple polypeptide chains assembled into one functional protein.
  • What are the sugar components of DNA and RNA?
    DNA contains deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.
  • How do DNA and RNA differ in strand structure and bases?
    DNA is a double helix with bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; RNA is single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine.
  • What type of bonds hold the two DNA strands together?
    Hydrogen bonds connect adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine in DNA.
  • How are macromolecules formed and broken down?
    Macromolecules form by dehydration reactions and break down by hydrolysis.