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General Biology: Molecular Genetics and Transcription

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • In which direction is DNA synthesized?
    DNA is always synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
  • What amino acid is coded by the codon AAG?
    The codon AAG codes for the amino acid Lysine.
  • What is a missense mutation?
    A missense mutation is a nucleotide change that results in a different amino acid, e.g., CGA to CAA.
  • Which rNTP will be last added if the top DNA strand is the template?
    The last rNTP added corresponds to the complementary base of the 3’ end of the template strand, typically U for RNA.
  • In which direction is RNA transcribed?
    RNA is transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction, which is left to right or right to left depending on the template strand orientation.
  • What is a nonsense mutation?
    A nonsense mutation changes a codon to a stop codon, e.g., CGA to UGA.
  • Are promoter and terminator sequences transcribed?
    Only the terminator sequence is transcribed; the promoter is not transcribed.
  • Which RNA sequences are transcribed?
    Introns are transcribed, but the 5’ cap and 3’ poly(A) tail are not transcribed.
  • What is the function of the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail?
    They protect RNA from degradation and assist in initiation of translation.
  • What composes the transcription unit?
    The transcription unit consists of the promoter, RNA-coding region, and terminator.
  • What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotes?
    The sigma factor allows RNA polymerase to bind the transcription promoter.
  • Which cellular processes occur in the eukaryotic nucleus?
    Transcription and RNA processing occur in the nucleus.
  • What amino acid does the start codon code for?
    The start codon always codes for Methionine.
  • What is degeneracy in the genetic code?
    Degeneracy means different mRNA codons can code for the same amino acid.
  • What is the order of tRNA movement through the ribosome?
    tRNA moves through the ribosome in the order: A site → P site → E site.
  • What does tRNA charging refer to?
    tRNA charging is the attachment of the appropriate amino acid to tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
  • What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
    It is a sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that helps assemble the ribosome.
  • Where is the growing protein chain attached in the ribosome?
    The growing protein chain is attached to tRNA in the P site.
  • What is the correct order of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
    The order is G1 → S → G2 → M.
  • What are sister chromatids?
    Sister chromatids are identical copies resulting from DNA replication during S phase.
  • What is trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) an example of?
    It is an example of aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes.
  • What are homologous chromosomes?
    Homologous chromosomes are similar but non-identical, one inherited from each parent.
  • What type of DNA replication occurs?
    DNA replication is semi-conservative.
  • Which end of the lagging strand is pointed toward the replication fork?
    The lagging strand has its 5’ end pointed toward the replication fork and is synthesized in segments.
  • What enzyme opens the replication bubble?
    The enzyme helicase separates double-stranded DNA into single strands.