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General Biology: Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • What is an acid in terms of proton transfer?
    Acids are proton (H+) donors.
  • What is a base in terms of proton transfer?
    Bases are proton acceptors.
  • What is the role of buffers in biological systems?
    Buffers minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions.
  • Why is carbon important in organic molecules?
    Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds and bond with many elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
  • What are isomers?
    Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties, including structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers.
  • What are functional groups?
    Groups attached to carbon skeletons that participate in chemical reactions.
  • What are macromolecules?
    Chain-like molecules called polymers made of monomers, including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • What is dehydration synthesis?
    A chemical reaction that removes a water molecule to form a new bond between monomers.
  • What is hydrolysis?
    A chemical reaction that adds a water molecule to break a bond in a polymer.
  • What are carbohydrates?
    Sugars and polymers of sugars that serve as fuel and building material.
  • What is the general molecular formula for monosaccharides?
    A multiple of \(CH_2O\), e.g., glucose and fructose (C6H12O6).
  • How are disaccharides formed?
    By dehydration synthesis joining two monosaccharides with a glycosidic linkage.
  • Name two storage polysaccharides and their organisms.
    Starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
  • Name two structural polysaccharides and their organisms.
    Cellulose in plants and chitin in animals and fungi.
  • What are lipids and their key characteristic?
    Lipids are hydrophobic molecules with hydrocarbon regions, not true polymers.
  • What is the structure of fats?
    Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by ester linkages.
  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
    Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
  • What are phospholipids composed of?
    Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group; they form cell membranes.
  • What is the structure of steroids?
    Four fused carbon rings with attached chemical groups.
  • What are proteins made of?
    Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
  • What determines the chemical nature of a protein?
    The sequence and properties of the amino acid side chains (R groups).
  • What is the primary structure of a protein?
    The unique linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • What are the secondary structures of proteins?
    Coils and folds like α helix and β pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds.
  • What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
    The overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acid side chains.
  • What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
    Two or more polypeptide chains forming one functional macromolecule.
  • What are nucleic acids?
    Polymers that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information (DNA and RNA).
  • What are nucleotides composed of?
    A 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines), and one or more phosphate groups.
  • What is a phosphodiester linkage?
    A covalent bond between nucleotides forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.