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General Biology: Organic Molecules and Biomolecules

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이 집합의 용어 (19)

  • Why is carbon essential for producing diverse organic molecules?

    Carbon has four valence electrons allowing it to form four covalent bonds, enabling complex and diverse organic molecules.

  • How do functional groups affect a carbon molecule's chemical reactivity?

    Functional groups determine the chemical properties and reactivity of carbon molecules by adding specific reactive sites.

  • What happens during biomolecule synthesis and degradation reactions?

    Synthesis adds monomers by removing water (dehydration), while degradation produces monomers by adding water (hydrolysis).

  • What is an isomer in organic chemistry?

    An isomer is a molecule with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements, leading to different properties.

  • Give examples of important monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose; Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose; Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose.

  • Compare the energy content and structural roles of starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

    Starch and glycogen store energy; cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.

  • Why are lipids essential to living organisms?

    Lipids store energy, form cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules.

  • Where are fats and oils produced in organisms?

    Fats and oils are produced mainly in adipose tissue and plant cells respectively.

  • Contrast the structures of fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids.

    Triglycerides have three fatty acids; phospholipids have two fatty acids plus a phosphate group; steroids have four fused carbon rings.

  • Compare the functions of phospholipids, steroids, and waxes in cells.

    Phospholipids form membranes; steroids regulate membrane fluidity and hormones; waxes provide waterproofing.

  • What are the main functions of proteins in cells?

    Proteins function as enzymes, structural components, transporters, signaling molecules, and antibodies.

  • How is a polypeptide constructed from amino acids?

    A polypeptide forms by linking amino acids via peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis.

  • What are the four levels of protein structure?

    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • What factors affect protein structure and function?

    pH, temperature, salt concentration, and mutations can alter protein folding and function.

  • Why is protein folding important for human health?

    Proper folding ensures function; misfolding can cause diseases like Alzheimer's and cystic fibrosis.

  • Distinguish between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid.

    A nucleotide is a monomer; a nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides (DNA or RNA).

  • Compare the structure and function of DNA and RNA.

    DNA is double-stranded, stores genetic info; RNA is single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis.

  • Why do purines pair with pyrimidines in nucleic acids?

    Purines (two rings) pair with pyrimidines (one ring) to maintain uniform DNA width and stable hydrogen bonding.

  • How does ATP store energy?

    ATP stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, especially the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.