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General Biology: Patterns of Inheritance

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Gene

    Gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or protein.

  • Allele

    Allele is a variant form of a gene found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

  • Locus

    Locus is the specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome.

  • Genotype

    Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, referring to the alleles present.

  • Phenotype

    Phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.

  • Homozygous

    Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

  • Heterozygous

    Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a particular gene.

  • Dominant allele

    Dominant allele is one that expresses its trait even when only one copy is present.

  • Recessive allele

    Recessive allele is one that only expresses its trait when two copies are present.

  • Law of Segregation

    Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele.

  • Law of Independent Assortment

    Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.

  • True-breeding

    True-breeding organisms produce offspring identical to themselves for a specific trait when self-crossed.

  • Hybrid

    Hybrid is an organism with two different alleles for a trait, typically from crossing true-breeding parents.

  • Genotype ratio for Pp × Pp cross

    The genotype ratio is 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp.

  • Phenotype ratio for Pp × Pp cross (Purple dominant)

    The phenotype ratio is 3 purple : 1 white.

  • Incomplete dominance example

    Incomplete dominance is shown by coat color in horses, where heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype.

  • Codominance example

    Codominance is shown by human ABO blood groups, where both alleles are fully expressed.

  • Polygenic inheritance example

    Polygenic inheritance is shown by human skin color, controlled by multiple genes.

  • Pleiotropy example

    Pleiotropy is shown by the nude mice mutation, where one gene affects multiple traits.

  • Why males express recessive X-linked traits more often

    Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele on X is expressed without a dominant allele to mask it.

  • Colorblindness daughters from XᶜY male × XᶜX carrier female

    0% of daughters will be colorblind; daughters will be either carriers or normal.

  • Sickle-cell anemia inheritance pattern

    Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder.

  • Huntington disease inheritance pattern

    Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder.

  • Hemophilia inheritance pattern

    Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder, usually X-linked.

  • Why sickle-cell disease persists despite being harmful

    Sickle-cell persists because carriers have resistance to malaria, providing a selective advantage.

  • Punnett square for two sickle-cell carriers (Aa × Aa)

    Genotype ratio: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa; Probability child has disease (aa) is 25%.

  • Probability child is a carrier from two sickle-cell carriers

    Probability child is a carrier (Aa) is 50%.

  • How understanding inheritance improves health outcomes

    It helps predict disease risk, guide genetic counseling, and develop targeted treatments.

  • Environmental influence on gene expression example

    Nutrition can affect height, showing how environment influences gene expression.