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General Biology Unit 1-5 Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (38)

  • Characteristics of life

    Order, reproduction, growth and development, response to the environment, energy processing, regulation, evolutionary adaptation

  • Taxonomical levels from most inclusive to least inclusive

    Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

  • Levels of biological organization (most to least inclusive)

    Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ Systems, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule

  • Scientific method key steps

    Observation, question, hypothesis (testable and falsifiable), experiment, data analysis, accept or reject hypothesis

  • Difference between independent and dependent variables

    Independent variable is manipulated; dependent variable responds and is measured (DRY MIX: Dependent Responds Y-axis, Independent Manipulated X-axis)

  • Definition of evolution

    Process by which species accumulate differences over time due to adaptation; not goal-directed or perfect

  • Four most common elements in living organisms

    Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)

  • Trace elements and deficiency effects

    Iodine: goiter, mental impairment; iodized salt
    Iron: fatigue, pale skin; fortified flour
    Fluorine: tooth decay prevention; fluoridated water

  • Subatomic particles and locations

    Protons: positive, nucleus
    Neutrons: neutral, nucleus
    Electrons: negative, orbit nucleus

  • Definitions: ion, cation, anion

    Ion: atom with gained/lost electrons
    Cation: positive ion (lost electron)
    Anion: negative ion (gained electron)

  • Ionic bond and covalent bond differences

    Ionic bond: electron transfer
    Covalent bond: electron sharing (polar or nonpolar)

  • Octet rule

    Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence shell

  • Electronegativity

    Tendency of an atom to attract electrons

  • Hydrogen bond in water

    Attraction between partial positive hydrogen and partial negative oxygen of different water molecules; individually weak but collectively strong

  • Isotope

    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

  • Polarity and importance in water

    Polar molecules have partial charges; water's polarity enables hydrogen bonding, leading to high specific heat and cohesion

  • Cohesion vs Adhesion

    Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other
    Adhesion: water molecules stick to other substances

  • High specific heat of water explained

    Hydrogen bonds absorb and release heat when breaking/forming, requiring much energy to change temperature

  • Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic

    Hydrophilic: water-loving, usually polar
    Hydrophobic: water-fearing, usually nonpolar

  • Effect of ocean acidification on coral reefs

    CO2 forms carbonic acid, releasing H+ that reduces carbonate availability needed for calcium carbonate skeletons

  • Carbon covalent bonding capacity

    Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds due to 4 valence electrons

  • Hydrocarbon polarity

    Hydrocarbons are nonpolar due to even sharing of electrons between carbon and hydrogen

  • Types of isomers

    Structural: different atom arrangement
    Cis-trans: same bonds, different spatial arrangement
    Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images

  • Seven functional groups and polarity

    Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl (polar); Methyl (nonpolar)

  • Monomers vs Polymers

    Monomers are building blocks; polymers are long chains of monomers

  • Hydrolysis

    Breaking polymers by adding water, removing one monomer at a time

  • Dehydration synthesis

    Joining monomers by removing water, forming a covalent bond

  • Carbohydrate monomers and polymers

    Monomers: monosaccharides
    Polymers: polysaccharides

  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

    Saturated: all single bonds, mostly animal fats
    Unsaturated: one or more double bonds (kinks), mostly plants and fish fats

  • Phospholipids and amphipathic nature

    Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic

  • Protein structure levels

    Primary: amino acid sequence
    Secondary: alpha-helix and beta-sheets from hydrogen bonds
    Tertiary: 3D folding from R group interactions
    Quaternary: multiple polypeptides combined

  • Denaturation

    Loss of a protein's native structure and function

  • Nucleotide structure

    Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and nitrogenous base

  • Base pairing in DNA and RNA

    DNA: A-T, C-G
    RNA: A-U, C-G

  • Glycosidic linkage

    Covalent bond between monosaccharides; humans hydrolyze 1,4 α linkages but not cellulose

  • Ester linkage

    Bond joining fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides

  • Peptide bond

    Covalent bond joining amino acids in proteins

  • Phosphodiester linkage

    Bond linking nucleotides in nucleic acids via phosphate and sugar