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General Biology Unit One Study Guide

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이 집합의 용어 (33)

  • Scientific Method
    A systematic process involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion to test scientific questions.
  • Two types of reasoning in science
    Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement to reach a specific conclusion; inductive reasoning uses specific observations to form a general conclusion.
  • Hierarchy of Life
    Levels of biological organization from atoms to biosphere, including molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems.
  • Matter
    Anything that has mass and takes up space; composed of elements and compounds.
  • Atom
    The smallest unit of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Atomic number vs Atomic mass
    Atomic number is the number of protons; atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons.
  • Isotopes
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons; some are radioactive and used in medical imaging and research.
  • Ions: cations vs anions
    Ions are charged atoms; cations are positively charged, anions are negatively charged.
  • Ionic bond
    A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in attraction between oppositely charged ions.
  • Covalent bond
    A chemical bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
  • Hydrogen bond
    A weak bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another, important in water properties.
  • Water as a solvent
    Water is a polar molecule that dissolves many substances, making it a universal solvent.
  • Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
    Hydrophilic substances interact with water; hydrophobic substances repel water.
  • pH scale
    Measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution; ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 as neutral.
  • Why carbon forms covalent bonds
    Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form four stable covalent bonds, making it versatile for complex molecules.
  • Functional groups in organic molecules
    Specific groups of atoms like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl that determine molecule properties.
  • Monomers and polymers
    Monomers are small building blocks; polymers are large molecules made by linking monomers via dehydration reactions.
  • Dehydration vs hydrolysis
    Dehydration removes water to form bonds; hydrolysis adds water to break bonds.
  • Carbohydrates general formula
    Typically \((CH_2O)_n\), where n is the number of carbon atoms.
  • Aldose vs Ketose sugars
    Aldoses have a carbonyl group at the end of the molecule; ketoses have it within the carbon chain.
  • Glycosidic bond
    A covalent bond that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.
  • Examples of polysaccharides
    Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are biologically important polysaccharides used for energy storage and structure.
  • Lipids and their bonds
    Lipids are formed by dehydration reactions creating ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Saturated vs unsaturated fats
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds causing kinks and are liquid.
  • Phospholipids structure
    Contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; form bilayers essential for cell membranes.
  • Protein functions
    Proteins serve as enzymes, structural components, signaling molecules, and more.
  • Amino acid structure
    Consists of an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and unique R group attached to a central carbon.
  • Levels of protein structure
    Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helices/beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
  • Protein denaturation
    Loss of protein shape due to factors like heat or pH changes; may or may not refold to functional form.
  • Nucleic acid monomers
    Nucleotides composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
  • DNA vs RNA bases
    DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine.
  • Sugar difference in DNA and RNA
    DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.
  • DNA structure and base pairing
    DNA is a double helix with complementary base pairs linked by hydrogen bonds: A-T and C-G.