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Invertebrates and Animal Diversity - General Biology

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  • What defines invertebrates?
    Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone and account for over 95% of known animal species.
  • What are the three major clades of Bilateria?
    Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia.
  • What is a key feature of Ecdysozoa?
    They are invertebrates that shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis or molting.
  • What is a lophophore?
    A feeding structure found in some Lophotrochozoa used for filter feeding.
  • What is the trochophore larva?
    A distinct developmental larval stage found in some Lophotrochozoa.
  • Characteristics of Phylum Porifera (sponges)?
    Lack true tissues, mostly marine, sedentary, filter feeders, hermaphrodites, with flagellated swimming larvae.
  • What are choanocytes?
    Specialized cells in sponges that use flagella to create water flow and capture food particles.
  • Key features of Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)?
    Have eight rows of cilia called combs, are planktonic, diploblastic, radial symmetry, simple muscles, and a diffuse nerve net.
  • What distinguishes Phylum Cnidaria?
    Diploblastic, radial symmetry, stinging cells (cnidocytes), includes corals, hydras, and jellyfish.
  • Two body plan variations in Cnidarians?
    Polyp (sessile, attached) and Medusa (free-swimming, bell-shaped).
  • What is the significance of Bilateria?
    Animals with bilateral symmetry and three tissue layers, including most animal phyla.
  • What are the main groups within Lophotrochozoa?
    Includes flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids.
  • Key features of Phylum Mollusca?
    Soft-bodied, most have calcium carbonate shells, body plan includes muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle.
  • What is the life cycle stage common in many molluscs?
    A ciliated larval stage called the trochophore.
  • Characteristics of cephalopods?
    Carnivorous molluscs with beak-like jaws, tentacles, closed circulatory system, complex brain, and well-developed senses.
  • What defines Ecdysozoans?
    Animals with a tough external cuticle made of chitin that they shed by molting (ecdysis).
  • Two largest phyla in Ecdysozoa?
    Nematodes (roundworms) and Arthropods.
  • Key features of Phylum Nematoda?
    Found in many habitats, have an alimentary canal but no circulatory system.
  • Key features of Phylum Arthropoda?
    Segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system.
  • Major lineages of Arthropods?
    Chelicerates, Myriapods, and Pancrustaceans (insects and crustaceans).
  • What is the significance of the exoskeleton in arthropods?
    Provides structural support, reduces water loss, and prevents desiccation.
  • What is incomplete metamorphosis in insects?
    Young called nymphs resemble adults but are smaller and molt to reach full size.
  • What is complete metamorphosis in insects?
    Larval stages look different from adults; includes a pupal stage for developmental reorganization.
  • What defines Deuterostomia?
    Clade including echinoderms and chordates, characterized by radial cleavage and formation of the anus from the blastopore.
  • Unique features of Echinoderms?
    Water vascular system with tube feet, radial symmetry in adults, bilateral larvae, mostly slow-moving or sessile marine animals.
  • Five clades of Echinoderms?
    Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea.