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Pearson Q's 7-12

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/90

이 집합의 용어 (90)

  • Plasma membrane's basic structure
    A phospholipid bilayer containing membrane proteins.
  • Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic phospholipid regions
    Heads are hydrophilic; fatty-acid tails are hydrophobic.
  • Membrane model describing proteins in lipid bilayer
    The fluid mosaic model.
  • Role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes
    Buffers membrane fluidity across temperature changes.
  • Function of membrane carbohydrates
    Cell recognition and cell-to-cell interactions.
  • Transport protein specificity determined by
    Its shape and chemical properties matching particular solutes.
  • Molecules crossing lipid bilayer most easily
    Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2.
  • Definition of passive transport
    Movement down a gradient without cellular energy.
  • Definition of active transport
    Energy-driven movement against a concentration gradient.
  • Facilitated diffusion
    Passive transport through a membrane protein.
  • Osmosis
    Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Direction of water movement during osmosis
    Water moves toward the side with the higher solute concentration.
  • Effect of hypertonic solution on animal cells
    Cell loses water and shrivels.
  • Effect of hypotonic solution on animal cells
    Cell gains water, swells, and may lyse.
  • Effect of hypotonic solution on plant cells
    Cell becomes turgid; cell wall prevents bursting.
  • Plasmolysis
    Water loss causes the plant membrane to pull from the cell wall.
  • Cotransport
    One solute's gradient drives transport of another solute.
  • How Ca2+ remains lower inside cells
    Active transport pumps Ca2+ against its gradient.
  • Aquaporins
    Membrane channel proteins that rapidly transport water.
  • Phagocytosis
    Endocytosis where a cell engulfs a large particle.
  • First law of thermodynamics
    Energy is conserved; it can be transferred or transformed.
  • Second law of thermodynamics
    Energy transformations increase the universe's entropy.
  • Meaning of negative ΔG
    Reaction is exergonic and thermodynamically spontaneous.
  • Meaning of positive ΔG
    Reaction is endergonic and requires free-energy input.
  • ΔG at equilibrium
    Zero; there is no net change.
  • Products of ATP hydrolysis
    ADP + Pi and released free energy.
  • Phosphorylation
    Transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule.
  • How ATP drives endergonic reactions
    By coupling ATP hydrolysis to the reaction.
  • What enzymes lower
    Activation energy.
  • Do enzymes change reaction ΔG?
    No; they change reaction rate, not ΔG.
  • Enzyme's active site
    Region where substrate binds and catalysis occurs.
  • Induced fit
    Substrate binding causes enzyme to change shape.
  • Competitive inhibitor binding site
    Binds at the enzyme's active site.
  • Allosteric inhibitor binding site
    Binds at a site other than the active site.
  • Effect of enzyme substrate saturation
    Reaction rate reaches its maximum for that enzyme amount.
  • How to increase rate of saturated enzyme reaction
    Add more enzyme.
  • Feedback inhibition
    A pathway's end product inhibits an earlier enzyme.
  • First stage of cellular respiration
    Glycolysis.
  • Location of glycolysis
    The cytosol.
  • Glycolysis products per glucose
    2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and net 2 ATP.
  • What happens to pyruvate before citric acid cycle
    It is oxidized to acetyl-CoA.
  • Citric acid cycle location in eukaryotes
    The mitochondrial matrix.
  • Products from one acetyl-CoA in citric acid cycle
    3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP/GTP, and 2 CO2.
  • Role of NADH and FADH2 in ETC
    Deliver high-energy electrons.
  • Location of mitochondrial electron transport chain
    The inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • Where mitochondrial ETC pumps H+
    From the matrix into the intermembrane space.
  • Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
    Oxygen (O2).
  • What forms when O2 accepts electrons and H+
    Water (H2O).
  • What powers ATP synthase
    H+ flowing down its electrochemical gradient.
  • Chemiosmosis
    Using an H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis.
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation
    Direct enzyme transfer of phosphate to ADP.
  • Where substrate-level phosphorylation occurs
    Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
    ATP production through electron transport and chemiosmosis.
  • Why fermentation regenerates NAD+
    So glycolysis can continue without oxygen.
  • Where photosynthesis light reactions occur
    The thylakoid membranes.
  • Where Calvin cycle occurs
    The chloroplast stroma.
  • Products of light reactions
    ATP, NADPH, and O2.
  • Source of photosynthetic O2
    Water (H2O).
  • What happens when chlorophyll absorbs a photon
    An electron is excited to a higher energy level.
  • Electron replacement in photosystem II
    Electrons come from split water molecules.
  • Path of linear photosynthetic electron flow
    H2O → PSII → ETC → PSI → NADPH.
  • Where H+ accumulates during light reactions
    The thylakoid space (lumen).
  • What Calvin cycle consumes
    CO2, ATP, and NADPH.
  • Calvin cycle's direct sugar product
    G3P.
  • Three phases of Calvin cycle
    Fixation, reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
  • Function of rubisco
    Catalyzes attachment of CO2 to RuBP.
  • Photorespiration
    Rubisco uses O2 instead of CO2, wasting energy.
  • How C4 plants reduce photorespiration
    Spatially concentrate CO2 around rubisco.
  • How CAM plants conserve water
    Open stomata at night and store fixed carbon.
  • When CAM plants open stomata
    At night.
  • Molecule oxidized during photosynthesis
    Water (H2O).
  • Molecule reduced during photosynthesis
    CO2.
  • Light colors most effective for photosynthesis
    Red and blue/violet.
  • Visible color least absorbed by chlorophyll
    Green.
  • Phase following G1 in cell cycle
    S phase.
  • What occurs during S phase
    DNA replication.
  • Phase immediately after S phase
    G2.
  • G0 phase
    A nondividing state outside the active cell cycle.
  • Chromatin composition
    DNA and associated proteins.
  • Duplicated chromosome composition
    Two sister chromatids.
  • Where sister chromatids are most closely attached
    The centromere.
  • Chromosome behavior during prophase
    They condense.
  • Metaphase characteristic
    Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
  • Anaphase event
    Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase event
    New nuclei form and chromosomes begin decondensing.
  • Primary role of mitotic spindle
    Separating duplicated chromosomes.
  • Animal-cell cytokinesis
    A cleavage furrow pinches the cell in two.
  • Plant-cell cytokinesis
    Vesicles form a cell plate between daughter cells.
  • Components forming active MPF
    Cyclin and Cdk.
  • Feature shared by all cancers
    Escape from normal cell-cycle controls.