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Photosynthesis and Calvin Cycle - General Biology

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  • How do the light reactions help make glucose?
    Light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), which are used in the Calvin Cycle to synthesize glucose.
  • What molecule is the electron donor in light reactions?
    Water (H2O) is the electron donor, releasing electrons, protons, and oxygen.
  • What molecule is the final electron acceptor in light reactions?
    NADP+ is the final electron acceptor, forming NADPH.
  • How is ATP synthase in chloroplasts similar to ATP synthase in mitochondria?
    Both use a proton gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi.
  • Examples of active and passive transport in light reactions?
    Active transport: Proton pumping into thylakoid space. Passive transport: Protons flow back through ATP synthase.
  • Two similarities between light reactions and oxidative phosphorylation?
    Both use electron transport chains and proton gradients to produce ATP.
  • Two differences between light reactions and oxidative phosphorylation?
    Light reactions use light energy and water as electron donor; oxidative phosphorylation uses chemical energy and organic molecules.
  • What are the 3 substrates of the Calvin Cycle?
    CO2, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and ATP/NADPH.
  • What are the 3 products of the Calvin Cycle?
    Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), ADP, and NADP+.
  • Which substrate is reduced in the Calvin Cycle?
    3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) is reduced to G3P.
  • Which substrate is oxidized in the Calvin Cycle?
    NADPH is oxidized to NADP+.
  • What makes the Calvin Cycle an enzymatic cycle?
    It regenerates its starting molecule RuBP through enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
  • What does it mean to 'fix' carbon in photosynthesis?
    Converting inorganic CO2 into an organic molecule by attaching it to RuBP.
  • Which enzyme is responsible for fixing carbon?
    Rubisco catalyzes the fixation of CO2 to RuBP.
  • Similarities between Calvin Cycle and Citric Acid Cycle?
    Both are cyclic, involve enzyme-catalyzed steps, and regenerate starting molecules.
  • Differences in molecules reduced vs. oxidized in Calvin vs. Citric Acid Cycle?
    Calvin Cycle reduces CO2 to sugar; Citric Acid Cycle oxidizes acetyl CoA to CO2.
  • Is ATP made or used in Calvin Cycle and Citric Acid Cycle?
    Calvin Cycle uses ATP; Citric Acid Cycle produces ATP.
  • What is the energy source for Calvin Cycle vs. Citric Acid Cycle?
    Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions; Citric Acid Cycle uses chemical energy from acetyl CoA.
  • What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?
    NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen for the reduction of 3-PGA to G3P in the Calvin Cycle.
  • What is the significance of the proton gradient in the thylakoid membrane?
    It drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during light reactions.