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Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - General Biology

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is phylogeny?

    Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of species.

  • What do phylogenetic trees represent?

    Phylogenetic trees are pictorial hypotheses showing evolutionary relationships and descent from common ancestors.

  • What is binomial nomenclature?

    A system of naming species with two parts: the genus name and the species name, e.g., Panthera pardus.

  • Why are binomial names preferred over common names?

    Binomial names are globally recognized and less ambiguous than common names, which can vary by region and language.

  • List the hierarchical levels of Linnean classification from narrow to broad.

    Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain.

  • What is a taxon (plural taxa)?

    A taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank, such as species, family, or class.

  • What is the key concept of 'descent with modification'?

    All organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor and accumulate differences over generations, causing unity and diversity.

  • What is systematics?

    Systematics is the study of classifying organismal diversity and evolutionary relationships.

  • What are sister taxa?

    Sister taxa are groups that share an immediate common ancestor on a phylogenetic tree.

  • What is a monophyletic group (clade)?

    A monophyletic group contains an ancestor and all of its descendants.

  • Define paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups.

    Paraphyletic groups include an ancestor and some, but not all, descendants. Polyphyletic groups include distantly related species without the most recent common ancestor.

  • What is the difference between shared ancestral and shared derived characters?

    Shared ancestral characters originated in a distant ancestor; shared derived characters are evolutionary novelties unique to a particular clade.

  • What is cladistics?

    Cladistics is an approach to build phylogenies using shared homologous characters to group related species into clades.

  • What are homologous characters?

    Homologous characters are phenotypic or genetic similarities due to shared ancestry.

  • What are analogous characters and why are they not useful for phylogenies?

    Analogous characters arise from convergent evolution and similar selective pressures, not common ancestry, so they do not reflect evolutionary relationships.

  • What is homoplasy?

    Homoplasy is the presence of similar functional structures in unrelated species due to convergent evolution.

  • What is a molecular clock?

    A molecular clock uses the rate of molecular changes in genes to estimate the timing of evolutionary events.

  • How are molecular clocks calibrated?

    Molecular clocks are calibrated using known divergence times from the fossil record and multiple genes for accuracy.

  • What are the three domains of life in the modern classification system?

    The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • What was the earlier classification system before the three-domain system?

    Earlier systems recognized two kingdoms (plants and animals) and later five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.