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Ch. 4 - Applications of Derivatives
Hass - Thomas' Calculus 15th Edition
Hass15th EditionThomas' CalculusISBN: 9780137616077당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경
4장, 문제 4.7.41

Finding Indefinite Integrals


In Exercises 17–56, find the most general antiderivative or indefinite integral. You may need to try a solution and then adjust your guess. Check your answers by differentiation.


∫(cscθ cotθ) / 2 dθ

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Recognize that the integral is \( \int \frac{\csc \theta \cot \theta}{2} \, d\theta \). Since the constant \( \frac{1}{2} \) can be factored out, rewrite the integral as \( \frac{1}{2} \int \csc \theta \cot \theta \, d\theta \).
Recall the derivative of \( \csc \theta \) is \( -\csc \theta \cot \theta \). This suggests that \( \csc \theta \cot \theta \) is closely related to the derivative of \( \csc \theta \).
Use this relationship to guess that the antiderivative of \( \csc \theta \cot \theta \) is \( -\csc \theta \), because differentiating \( -\csc \theta \) gives \( \csc \theta \cot \theta \).
Therefore, the integral becomes \( \frac{1}{2} \times (-\csc \theta) + C \), where \( C \) is the constant of integration.
Finally, verify your result by differentiating \( -\frac{1}{2} \csc \theta + C \) to ensure it matches the original integrand \( \frac{\csc \theta \cot \theta}{2} \).

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주요 개념

질문에 올바르게 답하기 위해 반드시 이해해야 하는 핵심 개념들은 다음과 같습니다.

Indefinite Integral and Antiderivative

An indefinite integral represents the most general form of an antiderivative of a function, including a constant of integration. It reverses differentiation, finding a function whose derivative matches the integrand. Understanding this helps in solving integrals without specified limits.
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Introduction to Indefinite Integrals

Trigonometric Functions and Identities

Knowledge of trigonometric functions like cosecant (csc) and cotangent (cot), and their relationships, is essential. Recognizing identities such as the derivative of cscθ being -cscθ cotθ aids in simplifying and integrating expressions involving these functions.
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가이드 코스
6:04
Introduction to Trigonometric Functions

Verification by Differentiation

After finding an antiderivative, differentiating it confirms the correctness of the integral. This step ensures the solution is accurate and helps identify any errors in the integration process, reinforcing understanding of the fundamental theorem of calculus.
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가이드 코스
05:53
Finding Differentials
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Theory and Examples


Maximum height of a vertically moving body The height of a body moving vertically is given by s = −12gt² + υ₀t + s₀,  g > 0, with s in meters and t in seconds. Find the body’s maximum height.

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Business and Economics

62. Production level Suppose that c(x)=x^3-20x^2 + 20,000x is the cost of manufacturing x items. Find a production level that will minimize the average cost of making x items.

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56. Airplane landing path An airplane is flying at altitude H when it begins its descent to an airport runway that is at horizontal ground distance L from the airplane, as shown in the accompanying figure. Assume that the landing path of the airplane is the graph of a cubic polynomial function y = ax^3+bx^2+cx+d, where y(-L)= H and y(0)=0.

a. What is dy/dx at x = 0?

b. What is dy/dx at x = -L?

c. Use the values for dy/dx at x = 0 and x =- L together with y(0) = 0 and y(-L) = H to show that y(x)=H[2(x/L)^3+3(x/L)^2]

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The 8-ft wall shown here stands 27 ft from the building. Find the length of the shortest straight beam that will reach to the side of the building from the ground outside the wall.

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Finding Indefinite Integrals


In Exercises 17–56, find the most general antiderivative or indefinite integral. You may need to try a solution and then adjust your guess. Check your answers by differentiation.


∫(−3csc²x)dx

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Initial Value Problems

Solve the initial value problems in Exercises 71–90.

d³y/dx³ = 6; y″(0) = −8, y′(0) = 0, y(0) = 5

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