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Adaptive Immunity and Vaccination Principles

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (13)

  • What are the four categories of adaptive immunity?

    The four categories are natural active immunity, natural passive immunity, artificial active immunity, and artificial passive immunity.

  • Which categories of adaptive immunity confer long-term protection and why?

    Natural active and artificial active immunity confer long-term protection because they involve the host producing memory cells after exposure to an antigen.

  • Define vaccine hesitancy.

    Vaccine hesitancy is the delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services.

  • What was the significance of Jenner's advancements in vaccine history?

    Jenner developed the first successful vaccine using cowpox to protect against smallpox, marking a major advancement from variolation.

  • What factors contribute to the re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases?

    Factors include vaccine hesitancy, waning immunity, pathogen mutation, and inadequate vaccination coverage.

  • What are the general immunology principles underlying vaccinations?

    Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells without causing disease, enabling faster response upon real infection.

  • Explain herd immunity.

    Herd immunity occurs when a high percentage of a population is immune, reducing disease spread and protecting non-immunized individuals.

  • How does herd immunity protect non-immunized people?

    By reducing the number of susceptible hosts, herd immunity lowers the chance of disease transmission to those who are not immune.

  • What are the main types of vaccine formulations?

    Types include live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines.

  • Compare live attenuated and inactivated vaccines.

    Live attenuated vaccines use weakened pathogens and induce strong immunity; inactivated vaccines use killed pathogens and often require boosters.

  • What are adjuvants and their purpose in vaccines?

    Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the immune response to the antigen.

  • How do DNA vaccines stimulate immunity?

    DNA vaccines deliver genetic material encoding an antigen, leading host cells to produce the antigen and stimulate an immune response.

  • What are recombinant vector vaccines?

    Recombinant vector vaccines use a harmless virus or bacterium to deliver genes encoding antigens to stimulate immunity.