Skip to main content
뒤로

Adaptive Immunity in Microbiology

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/25

이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?
    Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated) and cellular immunity (cell-mediated).
  • What cells are involved in humoral immunity?
    B cells that produce antibodies to combat antigens.
  • Where do B cells mature?
    In the red bone marrow.
  • What cells are involved in cellular immunity?
    T lymphocytes (T cells) that recognize antigenic peptides and secrete cytokines.
  • Where do T cells mature?
    In the thymus.
  • What is the role of T cell receptors (TCRs)?
    They contact antigens and cause T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies.
  • What types of pathogens does cellular immunity primarily target?
    Viruses and intracellular bacteria already inside host cells.
  • What types of pathogens does humoral immunity primarily target?
    Extracellular bacteria, toxins, and viruses before they enter host cells.
  • What are cytokines?
    Protein messengers produced by immune cells to communicate and regulate immune responses.
  • Name four key cytokines and their general functions.
    Interleukins (communication between leukocytes), Chemokines (induce leukocyte migration), Interferons (interfere with viral infections), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (inflammation).
  • What are antigens?
    Substances that cause the production of antibodies, often parts of microbes like capsules or toxins.
  • What are epitopes?
    Specific regions on an antigen where antibodies bind.
  • What are haptens?
    Small molecules that are not antigenic alone but can provoke an immune response when attached to a carrier molecule.
  • Describe the general structure of an antibody.
    Y-shaped protein with two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains joined by disulfide bonds.
  • What is the valence of an antibody?
    The number of antigen-binding sites on the antibody.
  • Name the five classes of immunoglobulins (Ig).
    IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.
  • What is the main function of IgG?
    Most abundant serum antibody; crosses placenta, activates complement, enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses.
  • What is unique about IgM?
    Pentamer with 10 binding sites; first antibody released in infection; activates complement and causes agglutination.
  • Where is IgA commonly found and what is its role?
    In mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk; prevents microbial attachment.
  • What role does IgE play?
    Binds to mast cells and basophils; triggers histamine release; important in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.
  • What are the four types of adaptive immunity based on acquisition?
    Naturally acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired active, artificially acquired passive.
  • What is naturally acquired active immunity?
    Immunity developed after natural infection with antigen exposure.
  • What is naturally acquired passive immunity?
    Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk.
  • What is artificially acquired active immunity?
    Immunity developed after vaccination with antigen.
  • What is artificially acquired passive immunity?
    Injection of preformed antibodies for immediate protection.