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Innate Immunity and Host Defenses in Microbiology

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is innate immunity?

    Innate immunity is the body's nonspecific defense against any pathogen, present at birth and rapid in response.

  • What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

    Adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens, responds slower than innate immunity, and has a memory component.

  • What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their role?

    TLRs on host cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger cytokine release to regulate immune responses.

  • Name examples of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

    Examples include LPS, flagellin, peptidoglycan, bacterial DNA, and viral DNA/RNA.

  • What physical factors protect the body from pathogens?

    Skin with keratin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, ciliary escalator, epiglottis, earwax, urine flow, vaginal secretions, and mechanisms like peristalsis and vomiting.

  • How does the skin act as a barrier to microbes?

    The epidermis has tightly packed epithelial cells with keratin; shedding and dryness inhibit microbial growth, making it a strong barrier.

  • What is the function of mucus in mucous membranes?

    Mucus traps microbes and prevents drying of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.

  • What role does the lacrimal apparatus play in immunity?

    It drains tears to wash the eye, helping remove microbes and debris.

  • Name chemical factors that inhibit microbial growth on the skin and mucous membranes.

    Sebum lowers skin pH; lysozyme in tears and saliva destroys bacterial walls; low pH of gastric juice and vaginal secretions inhibits microbes.

  • What is microbial antagonism?

    Competition by normal microbiota against pathogens for space and nutrients, producing substances harmful to pathogens and altering conditions to prevent pathogen survival.

  • Define commensalism in the context of normal microbiota.

    Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits and the host is unharmed.

  • What are opportunistic pathogens?

    Normal microbiota that can cause disease if the host's defenses are compromised, e.g., E. coli, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  • What are probiotics and prebiotics?

    Probiotics are live beneficial microbes administered to improve health; prebiotics are nutrients that promote growth of beneficial bacteria.

  • What are the formed elements in blood?

    They include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

  • What is hematopoiesis?

    The process of blood cell formation from stem cells in red bone marrow.

  • Name the granulocytes and their primary functions.

    Neutrophils: phagocytize bacteria and fungi; basophils: release histamine in allergies; eosinophils: kill parasites and helminths.

  • What are agranulocytes and their roles?

    Monocytes: mature into macrophages for phagocytosis; dendritic cells: phagocytize and present antigens; lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, and NK cells involved in adaptive immunity.

  • What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

    NK cells kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization.

  • What is the lymphoid system composed of?

    It includes lymph plasma, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, and red bone marrow.

  • How does the lymphatic system contribute to immunity?

    Lymph carries microbes to lymph nodes where immune cells like B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells destroy pathogens.