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Microbial Genetics and Microbial Control - Microbiology Study Guide

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  • Define genome

    The genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism, including all of its genes and nucleotide sequences.

  • Structure and location of bacterial chromosome

    A bacterial chromosome is typically a single, circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid region of the cell, unlike eukaryotic chromosomes which are linear and found in the nucleus.

  • Difference between plasmid and bacterial chromosome

    A plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome that can replicate independently and often carries genes beneficial for survival.

  • Four types of plasmids and their functions

    Types: F plasmids (conjugation), R plasmids (antibiotic resistance), Col plasmids (bacteriocin production), and virulence plasmids (pathogenicity factors).

  • Function of DNA helicase, DNA polymerase III, and DNA ligase in replication

    DNA helicase unwinds the DNA; DNA polymerase III synthesizes new DNA strands; DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

  • Base-pairing rules in DNA replication

    A pairs with T, and G pairs with C. Given one DNA strand, the complementary strand can be predicted using these rules.

  • Meaning of semiconservative replication

    Each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand.

  • Central dogma of genetics

    Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, involving the processes of transcription and translation.

  • Template and product of transcription

    Starts with DNA as a template and ends with a single-stranded RNA molecule.

  • RNA nucleotide unique to transcription and its DNA counterpart

    Uracil (U) is used in RNA instead of thymine (T) found in DNA.

  • Location of transcription in bacterial cells

    Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells since they lack a nucleus.

  • Function of RNA polymerase

    RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA by reading the DNA template strand during transcription.

  • Start and end products of translation

    Starts with mRNA and ends with a polypeptide (protein) chain.

  • Definition of codon and molecule carrying codons

    A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

  • Definition of anticodon and molecule carrying anticodons

    An anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA complementary to the mRNA codon.

  • Universal start codon and its amino acid

    The start codon is AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine.

  • Role of tRNA in translation

    tRNA delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome by matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

  • Role of rRNA in translation

    rRNA forms the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyzes peptide bond formation.

  • What is an operon?

    An operon is a cluster of genes regulated together that controls gene expression in prokaryotes.

  • Difference between inducible and repressible operons

    Inducible operons are usually off and turned on by a substrate; repressible operons are usually on and turned off by a product.

  • Conditions inducing the lac operon

    The lac operon is induced in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose.

  • Conditions repressing the trp operon

    The trp operon is repressed when tryptophan levels are high.

  • Define mutation

    A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

  • Types of point mutations

    Point mutations include silent (no amino acid change), missense (different amino acid), and nonsense (stop codon).

  • Types of frameshift mutations

    Frameshift mutations include insertions and deletions that shift the reading frame.

  • Three types of horizontal gene transfer

    Transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (DNA transfer by bacteriophages), and conjugation (direct transfer via pili).

  • What is an F plasmid and an F+ cell?

    An F plasmid carries genes for conjugation; an F+ cell contains the F plasmid and can donate it during conjugation.

  • Difference between regular conjugation and Hfr conjugation

    Hfr cells have the F plasmid integrated into their chromosome, transferring chromosomal genes during conjugation; recombinant cells are usually F-.