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Microbiology Chapters 1-7 Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • What are the three Domains of life?

    Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • What are the five Kingdoms in biological classification?

    Monera/Prokaryotae, Protista/Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

  • How are microorganisms classified at Domain and Kingdom levels?

    Based on cell type (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), number of cells (unicellular vs. multicellular), cell structures, and nutrient acquisition (autotrophs vs. heterotrophs).

  • What are the key characteristics of viruses?

    Acellular, contain DNA or RNA (not both), surrounded by protein capsid, some have lipid envelope, cannot reproduce independently, require host cell for replication.

  • What did Robert Hooke contribute to microbiology?

    Observed cork under a microscope and coined the term cell.

  • What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek's contribution?

    First to observe living microorganisms, called them animalcules.

  • What did Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment demonstrate?

    Supported biogenesis by showing that microorganisms come from preexisting microbes, disproving spontaneous generation.

  • What are Koch's postulates used for?

    To link a specific microorganism to a specific disease, supporting the Germ Theory of Disease.

  • What is the significance of Jenner's work?

    Developed the first successful vaccination against smallpox using cowpox exposure.

  • Define atomic number and atomic mass.

    Atomic number = number of protons; Atomic mass ≈ protons + neutrons.

  • What are ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds?

    Ionic: electrons transferred (e.g., NaCl). Covalent: electrons shared (e.g., H₂O). Hydrogen: weak attraction involving hydrogen (e.g., between water molecules).

  • What is the function of enzymes?

    Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy; specific to substrates and reusable.

  • What is the pH scale and what do acids and bases represent?

    Measures hydrogen ion concentration; acids have pH < 7, bases have pH > 7, neutral is pH = 7; scale is logarithmic.

  • What are the major groups of organic molecules in microbiology?

    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP.

  • What is resolution in microscopy?

    The ability to distinguish two close objects as separate; better resolution means more detail.

  • What is the total magnification formula in microscopy?

    Total magnification = ocular lens magnification × objective lens magnification.

  • What is the Gram stain procedure order?

    1. Crystal violet (primary stain), 2. Iodine (mordant), 3. Alcohol/acetone (decolorizer), 4. Safranin (counterstain).

  • How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in cell wall structure?

    Gram-positive: thick peptidoglycan, retain crystal violet, appear purple. Gram-negative: thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane with LPS, lose crystal violet, appear pink/red.

  • What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    Prokaryotic: no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles; Eukaryotic: have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

  • What are bacterial endospores?

    Highly resistant survival structures that protect bacteria from heat, drying, radiation, and chemicals; found in Bacillus and Clostridium.

  • What is the difference between flagella and axial filaments?

    Flagella are external structures used for movement; axial filaments (endoflagella) are internal and produce corkscrew movement in spirochetes.

  • What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient bacteria engulfed by ancestral cells, supported by their own DNA, bacterial-like ribosomes, and binary fission.

  • Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.

    Metabolism: all chemical reactions in a cell. Catabolism: breaks down molecules, releases energy. Anabolism: builds molecules, requires energy.

  • What does OIL RIG stand for in redox reactions?

    Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).

  • What are competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition?

    Competitive: inhibitor competes for active site. Noncompetitive: inhibitor binds elsewhere, changing enzyme function.

  • What are the products of glycolysis?

    2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, and 2 NADH molecules.

  • What is fermentation and its purpose?

    Anaerobic process that regenerates NAD⁺ without using an electron transport chain, allowing glycolysis to continue.

  • What are the five temperature groups of microbes?

    Psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles.

  • What are the phases of microbial growth?

    Lag phase (adaptation), log/exponential phase (rapid division), stationary phase (growth = death), death phase (decline).

  • Define sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis.

    Sterilization: destroys all microbial life including endospores. Disinfection: reduces microorganisms on nonliving surfaces. Antisepsis: chemical control on living tissue.