Skip to main content
뒤로

Microbiology Diagnostic Methods and Immunological Testing

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/20

이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is sensitivity in diagnostic testing?

    Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positives).

  • What does specificity mean in diagnostic tests?

    Specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negatives).

  • Define TAT (turn-around-time) in clinical diagnostics.

    TAT is the time taken from sample collection to the delivery of test results.

  • What are agglutination tests used for in microbiology?

    Agglutination tests detect the clumping of particles and are used to identify blood types and detect antibodies or antigens.

  • How do plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) work?

    PRNT measure the ability of antibodies to neutralize viruses by reducing the number of plaques formed on cell cultures.

  • What is the clinical use of PRNT?

    PRNT is used to quantify virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, important for vaccine efficacy and infection confirmation.

  • Describe ELISA in immunological testing.

    ELISA detects and quantifies antigens or antibodies using enzyme-linked antibodies and a color change reaction.

  • What are ICAs (immunochromatographic assays)?

    ICAs are rapid tests that use antibody-antigen binding on a membrane to produce a visible line, commonly used in point-of-care diagnostics.

  • Explain the principle of IGRA (interferon gamma release assay).

    IGRA measures interferon gamma released by T-cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, aiding TB diagnosis.

  • Why is IGRA important in tuberculosis diagnosis?

    IGRA provides a more specific and faster alternative to the tuberculin skin test for detecting latent TB infection.

  • What are DNA microarrays used for in clinical diagnostics?

    DNA microarrays detect and measure expression of thousands of genes simultaneously to identify pathogens or genetic markers.

  • List advantages of immunological testing over biochemical testing.

    Immunological tests are often more specific, sensitive, faster, and can detect immune responses rather than just metabolic products.

  • How can agglutination reactions determine blood type?

    Agglutination occurs when antibodies bind to specific blood group antigens, causing visible clumping that identifies blood type.

  • Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

    PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences exponentially, enabling detection of minute amounts of pathogen DNA.

  • What is real-time PCR and its clinical application?

    Real-time PCR quantifies DNA during amplification, allowing rapid diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases.

  • Explain reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).

    RT-PCR converts RNA into DNA before amplification, used to detect RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

  • Compare immunological and biochemical diagnostic methods.

    Immunological methods detect immune molecules (antibodies/antigens), while biochemical methods detect metabolic products or enzyme activity.

  • What is the main clinical advantage of PCR-based diagnostics?

    PCR provides high sensitivity and specificity with rapid detection of pathogens, even at low levels.

  • How do immunochromatographic assays provide rapid results?

    ICAs use capillary action to move samples across antibody-coated membranes, producing visible lines within minutes.

  • What role do interferon gamma release assays play in infectious disease control?

    IGRAs help identify latent TB infections, enabling targeted treatment and reducing disease spread.