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Microbiology Key Concepts and Scientists

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  • Five groups of living microorganisms and two nonliving/noncellular entities
    • Bacteria
    • Archaea
    • Fungi
    • Protozoa
    • Algae
    • Viruses (nonliving)
    • Prions (nonliving)
  • Endosymbiotic theory
    Theory that some organelles in eukaryotic cells originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral cells.
  • Pathogen vs Opportunistic pathogen
    Pathogen: Microorganism that causes disease.
    Opportunistic pathogen: Causes disease only in weakened hosts or when normal barriers are breached.
  • Robert Hooke's contribution to microbiology
    First to describe cells using a microscope, coining the term 'cell' after observing cork.
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's contribution
    Observed and described live microorganisms, called 'animalcules', using improved microscopes.
  • Carolus Linnaeus' contribution
    Developed binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms with genus and species.
  • Edward Jenner's contribution
    Developed the first vaccine using cowpox to protect against smallpox.
  • Ignaz Semmelweis' contribution
    Introduced handwashing to reduce puerperal fever in hospitals.
  • Florence Nightingale's contribution
    Pioneered modern nursing and emphasized sanitation to reduce infections.
  • Louis Pasteur's contributions
    Disproved spontaneous generation; developed pasteurization and vaccines; supported germ theory.
  • Joseph Lister's contribution
    Introduced antiseptic surgical techniques to reduce infections.
  • Alexander Fleming's contribution
    Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.
  • Rosalind Franklin's contribution
    Produced X-ray diffraction images critical to discovering DNA's double helix structure.
  • Emmanuelle Charpentier & Jennifer Doudna's contribution
    Developed CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology.
  • Hypothesis of spontaneous generation vs biogenesis
    Spontaneous generation: Life arises from nonliving matter.
    Biogenesis: Life arises from existing life.
    Biogenesis was proven correct by Redi and Pasteur.
  • Germ theory of disease
    Theory that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.
  • Etiological agent
    The specific microorganism that causes a particular disease.
  • Scientist who established criteria for etiological agents
    Robert Koch established criteria known as Koch's postulates.
  • Aseptic technique and its importance
    Procedures to prevent contamination by pathogens; central to healthcare to reduce infections.
  • Nosocomial infection
    An infection acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.
  • Scientific method steps
    1. Ask a question
    2. Form a hypothesis
    3. Conduct experiments
    4. Analyze data
    5. Draw conclusions
  • Microbe morphology
    The shape, size, and arrangement of microbial cells.
  • The three domains of life
    • Bacteria
    • Archaea
    • Eukarya
  • Definition of a strain
    A genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism species.
  • Binomial nomenclature and its developer
    System of naming species with genus and species names; developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
  • Symbiotic relationships: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
    • Parasitism: one benefits, other harmed
    • Mutualism: both benefit
    • Commensalism: one benefits, other unaffected
  • Normal microbiota and its symbiotic relation
    Microbes normally living on/in the body; usually mutualistic or commensal.
  • Common cause of disruption in normal microbiota
    Antibiotic use or illness can disrupt normal microbiota.
  • Biofilm and example
    Community of microbes attached to a surface; example: dental plaque.
  • Bioremediation
    Use of microbes to clean up environmental pollutants.
  • Culture media (growth media)
    Nutrient solutions used to grow microorganisms in the lab.
  • Goal of aseptic culturing techniques
    Prevent contamination of cultures and environment.
  • Streak plate technique and bacterial colony
    Method to isolate bacteria by spreading cells; a colony is a visible cluster from one cell.
  • Simple staining reveals what bacterial properties?
    Cell shape, size, and arrangement.
  • Three structural staining methods and definitions of endospores and capsules
    • Endospore stain: detects resistant spores
    • Capsule stain: detects protective outer layer
    • Flagella stain: visualizes motility structures
  • Gram stain differentiates based on what cell wall characteristic?
    Thickness of peptidoglycan layer.
  • Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell colors
    Gram-positive: purple; Gram-negative: pink/red.
  • Acid-fast stain differentiates based on what cell wall characteristic?
    Presence of mycolic acid (waxy substance).
  • Waxy substance tested in acid-fast stain
    Mycolic acid.
  • Colors of acid-fast positive and negative organisms
    Acid-fast positive: red; Acid-fast negative: blue.
  • How to determine total magnification on a compound microscope
    Multiply the eyepiece magnification by the objective lens magnification.
  • Why is immersion oil used with 100x objective lens?
    To reduce light refraction and increase resolution.