뒤로Microbiology Midterm Key Concepts
04:21
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The Calvin cycle fixes CO2 into organic molecules, producing glucose and regenerating ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to continue the cycle.
Uses both photosystem I and II to produce ATP, NADPH, and O2 by splitting water; occurs during oxygenic photosynthesis.
Involves only photosystem I, producing ATP without NADPH or O2; used when NADPH is sufficient or under stress conditions.
Aerobic respiration yields more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic, making it energetically favorable.
Cyanobacteria contribute to oxygen production and nitrogen fixation, impacting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Tilling increases soil oxygen, promoting nitrification which converts ammonium to nitrate, increasing nitrogen loss from soil.
Fermentation is favored as it relies on substrate-level phosphorylation and does not require an electron transport chain.
Aerobic respiration is faster due to higher ATP yield; anaerobic growth is slower due to less efficient energy production.
Bypasses decarboxylation steps in the TCA cycle, allowing organisms to convert fats into carbohydrates during growth on acetate.
Exergonic reactions release free energy (negative ΔG), while endergonic reactions require energy input (positive ΔG).
Conversion of atmospheric N2 into ammonia by nitrogenase enzyme; key products are ammonia and hydrogen gas.
Reactions that replenish TCA cycle intermediates; example: glyoxylate cycle replenishing succinate and malate.
Relates Gibbs free energy change to electron transfer; negative ΔG°′ indicates spontaneous reaction, positive indicates non-spontaneous.
Discrepancy between microbial cells observed microscopically and those that grow on plates; overcome by molecular methods like sequencing.
Oxygenic (cyanobacteria, uses water as electron donor), anoxygenic (purple/green bacteria, uses H2S or organic compounds), and cyclic photophosphorylation.
Microbes that reduce sulfur compounds to sulfide during anaerobic respiration.
Microbes that oxidize reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate, often using oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptors.
Splits water to release electrons, protons, and oxygen; initiates electron transport chain in oxygenic photosynthesis.
Uses proton gradient across thylakoid membrane to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.
Include plastoquinone (PQ), cytochrome b6f complex, plastocyanin (PC), and ferredoxin (Fd).