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Microbiology: Viruses and Viral Replication

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is a virus?
    Virus is a minuscule, acellular infectious agent containing either DNA or RNA that causes infections in humans, animals, plants, and bacteria.
  • Are viruses considered alive?
    Viruses are debated as either complex pathogenic chemicals or the least complex living entities because they invade cells, control host machinery, and replicate.
  • What is a virion?
    A virion is the extracellular state of a virus, consisting of a protein coat (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid, sometimes with a phospholipid envelope.
  • What types of genetic material do viruses have?
    Viruses have DNA or RNA genomes, never both, which can be double-stranded or single-stranded (dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA).
  • How specific are viruses to their hosts?
    Most viruses infect specific host cells, sometimes only particular cell types, while generalist viruses infect many cell types across hosts.
  • What are the three basic viral capsid shapes?
    The three basic viral capsid shapes are helical, polyhedral, and complex.
  • What is the viral envelope and its role?
    The viral envelope is acquired from the host membrane during replication and contains proteins and glycoproteins important for host recognition.
  • On what basis are viruses classified?
    Viruses are classified by nucleic acid type, presence of envelope, shape, and size.
  • What is the lytic replication cycle?
    The lytic cycle involves attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, and release, usually resulting in host cell death and lysis.
  • What is lysogeny in bacteriophages?
    Lysogeny is a modified replication where the phage genome integrates into the host chromosome, allowing host cell reproduction without lysis.
  • How do animal viruses differ in replication from bacteriophages?
    Animal viruses replicate similarly but differ due to envelopes, eukaryotic hosts, and lack of cell walls; attachment uses glycoprotein spikes.
  • What are the three main ways viruses enter animal cells?
    Viruses enter by direct penetration, membrane fusion, or endocytosis.
  • What is viral latency?
    Latency is when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells, sometimes permanently integrating as proviruses.
  • How can viruses contribute to cancer?
    Viruses can induce mutations that disrupt cell division control, leading to neoplasia and tumor formation.
  • Name some cancers caused by viruses.
    Viruses cause cancers like Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, Kaposi’s sarcoma, cervical cancer, and liver cancer.
  • What are viroids?
    Viroids are extremely small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants and lack a protein capsid.
  • What are prions?
    Prions are misfolded proteinaceous infectious agents that corrupt normal proteins and cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases.
  • How are prion diseases characterized?
    Prion diseases cause brain degeneration with spongy appearance, fibril deposits, and large vacuoles; they resist normal sterilization.
  • How are viruses cultured in the lab?
    Viruses are cultured in bacteria, plants, animals, embryonated chicken eggs, or cell (tissue) cultures.
  • What are diploid and continuous cell cultures?
    Diploid cultures come from normal cells and have limited lifespan; continuous cultures derive from tumor cells and grow indefinitely.