Which of the following best defines collective behavior as distinct from actions organized by social institutions?

Which pair correctly matches crowd type to its defining feature?

Which concise statement correctly distinguishes a mob from a riot?

Which combined intervention best synthesizes crowd classification knowledge and evidence-based strategies to reduce violent escalation at a planned, high-tension rally?

Calculation: In a study of 200 acting crowd events, 60 events became mobs, 30 events became riots, and 10 events involved an initial mob stage that then turned into a riot. What is the probability that a randomly selected acting crowd experienced escalation to either a mob or a riot?