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Anatomy & Physiology: also unit 1 prep

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이 집합의 용어 (39)

  • What happens when NAD+ becomes NADH?
    NAD+ is reduced and gains chemical energy by accepting electrons.
  • Order the stages of cellular respiration correctly.
    Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system.
  • Which coenzymes shuttle electrons for the electron transport system?
    NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons.
  • What is true about the electron transport chain?
    It requires oxygen and involves proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
  • What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
    Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining with electrons and protons to form water.
  • During glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, glucose energy is converted to what?
    Energy is converted to electrons on NADH and FADH2.
  • How is energy from glucose breakdown used in mitochondria?
    It creates a proton gradient used to generate ATP.
  • What does the formula C6H12O6 represent?
    A molecule with 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.
  • Which four elements make up about 96% of body weight?
    Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
  • What characterizes lipids referred to as oils?
    They contain unsaturated fatty acids.
  • How is genetic information coded in DNA?
    By the sequence of nucleotides.
  • Which statement does NOT characterize proteins?
    Proteins are not the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.
  • Which organelle produces ATP aerobically?
    The mitochondrion produces ATP aerobically.
  • What forms the mitotic spindle?
    Microtubules form the mitotic spindle.
  • Which organelle packages proteins for membrane insertion or exocytosis?
    The Golgi apparatus packages proteins.
  • What is the nonpolar region of a phospholipid?
    The fatty acid tails are the nonpolar region.
  • What is the polar, hydrophilic region of a phospholipid?
    The phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic.
  • During anaphase, what happens to chromosomes?
    Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends.
  • What happens during telophase?
    Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
  • What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
    It plays a role in synthesizing steroid-based hormones and proteins.
  • Which organelle facilitates peptide bond formation between amino acids?
    Ribosomes facilitate peptide bond formation.
  • What is the function of microtubules in cells?
    They form spindle fibers, organize organelles, and give shape to the cell.
  • What are nucleoli?
    Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that synthesize ribosomal RNA.
  • Where is most of the cell's genetic material housed?
    In the nucleus.
  • Which RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
    Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids.
  • Describe the plasma membrane.
    A phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.
  • What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution impermeable to solute?
    Cells lose water and shrink.
  • Which RNAs play a role in protein synthesis?
    Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
  • What is mitosis?
    Division of genetic material within the nucleus.
  • What is a centriole?
    A pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules forming a hollow tube.
  • If DNA template strand is ACGTT, what is the mRNA sequence?
    The mRNA sequence is UGCAA.
  • What are passive membrane transport processes?
    Movement of substances down their concentration gradient without ATP.
  • How does oxygen enter cells during aerobic respiration?
    Oxygen passively diffuses into cells down its concentration gradient.
  • What does a concentration gradient established by active transport represent?
    Potential energy harnessed when molecules diffuse down the gradient.
  • Which RNA has an anticodon and attaches to specific amino acids?
    Transfer RNA (tRNA).
  • What is cytokinesis?
    Division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.
  • What is exocytosis?
    The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside.
  • What happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?
    The cell swells and may burst.
  • Why will a cell without a nucleus ultimately die?
    It cannot produce essential proteins or replicate DNA.