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Anatomy & Physiology: Basic Concepts and Body Organization

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

    Anatomy is the study of body structures, while physiology is the study of how those structures function.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

  • What is gross anatomy?

    Gross anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

  • Name two approaches to studying gross anatomy.

    Regional anatomy studies all structures in a specific body region; systemic anatomy studies body structures system by system.

  • What is microscopic anatomy and its two main branches?

    Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to see with the naked eye, including cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).

  • What is the complementarity of structure and function?

    Function depends on structure; for example, sharp incisors cut food, and heart valves prevent backflow of blood.

  • Define an organ and give an example.

    An organ is a discrete structure made of at least two tissue types performing specific functions, e.g., the stomach.

  • What is an organ system?

    An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a common purpose, like the cardiovascular system.

  • Name the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.

  • What is the main function of the integumentary system?

    It forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and contains sensory receptors and glands.

  • What role does the nervous system play in homeostasis?

    The nervous system is a fast-acting control system that reacts to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.

  • Describe the control mechanisms involved in homeostasis.

    Homeostasis control involves receptors (detect change), a control center (processes info), and effectors (respond to change).

  • What is negative feedback and give an example?

    Negative feedback reduces the effect of the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis, e.g., regulation of body temperature.

  • What is positive feedback and give an example?

    Positive feedback intensifies the original stimulus, often not maintaining homeostasis, e.g., labor contractions and blood clotting.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    The body is erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

  • List common directional terms used in anatomy.

    Superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, ventral/dorsal, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.

  • Name the three major body planes.

    Sagittal (divides left and right), frontal (divides front and back), and transverse (divides top and bottom).

  • What are the two major body cavities and their subdivisions?

    Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).

  • How is the abdominopelvic cavity divided for clinical reference?

    Into four quadrants: right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants.

  • What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac (inguinal), and hypogastric (pubic) regions.