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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood and Heart Study Guide

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  • Main components of blood and their percentages

    Blood consists of plasma (~55%) and formed elements (~45%).

  • Function of plasma components

    Plasma transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste; contains proteins like albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen for osmotic balance, immunity, and clotting.

  • Formed elements in blood

    Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, comprising about 45% of whole blood.

  • Significance of hematocrit and gender differences

    Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood; typically higher in males (~47%) than females (~42%) due to hormonal differences.

  • Structure and function of red blood cells

    Red blood cells are biconcave, lack nuclei, carry oxygen via hemoglobin, and have a lifespan of ~120 days.

  • Classification and functions of white blood cells

    White blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes), involved in immune defense.

  • Role and formation of platelets

    Platelets aid in blood clotting (hemostasis) and are formed from megakaryocytes in bone marrow.

  • Basis of blood typing

    Blood type depends on antigens (agglutinogens) on red cells and antibodies (agglutinins) in plasma, critical for safe transfusions.

  • Definition and location of hemopoiesis

    Hemopoiesis is blood cell formation occurring mainly in the bone marrow.

  • Location of the heart in the thoracic cavity

    The heart is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs, behind the sternum.

  • External anatomy of the heart

    The heart has major arteries (aorta, pulmonary arteries) and veins (superior/inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins) connected externally.

  • Function of heart valves

    Heart valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic) ensure one-way blood flow through the heart chambers.

  • Roles of the four heart chambers

    The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood; right ventricle pumps it to lungs; left atrium receives oxygenated blood; left ventricle pumps it to the body.

  • Difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation

    Pulmonary circulation moves blood between heart and lungs; systemic circulation moves blood between heart and body.

  • Coronary circulation components

    Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle; coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood from the myocardium.

  • Unique histological features of cardiac muscle

    Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs for electrical connectivity and striations for contraction.

  • Components of the heart's intrinsic conduction system

    Includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.

  • Sequence of electrical events in the heart

    Impulse starts at SA node → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers, causing coordinated contraction.

  • Normal ECG waveform components

    ECG shows P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization).

  • Significance of the P wave in ECG

    P wave represents atrial depolarization initiating atrial contraction.

  • Significance of the QRS complex in ECG

    QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization leading to ventricular contraction.

  • Significance of the T wave in ECG

    T wave represents ventricular repolarization, the recovery phase before the next heartbeat.