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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood and Hemostasis

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • What are the primary functions of blood?
    Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones; regulation of pH, temperature, fluid volume; protection against blood loss and infection.
  • What is the typical pH range of blood?
    Blood is slightly alkaline with a pH range of \(7.35-7.45\).
  • What are the main components of blood?
    Blood consists of erythrocytes (RBCs), buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets), and plasma (90% water, electrolytes, proteins).
  • What is hematocrit?
    The percentage of total blood volume composed of red blood cells, typically ranging from 36-50%.
  • What is the main function of erythrocytes?
    To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues.
  • Why is hemoglobin important in erythrocytes?
    Hemoglobin is a protein that reversibly binds oxygen and CO2, enabling efficient gas transport.
  • How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?
    Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to \(4\) oxygen molecules.
  • What happens to hematocrit at high altitudes?
    Hematocrit increases due to more erythrocytes being produced to compensate for lower oxygen availability.
  • What are leukocytes and their primary function?
    Leukocytes, or white blood cells, defend the body against infection and foreign substances.
  • What differentiates granulocytes from agranulocytes?
    Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules under a microscope; agranulocytes do not.
  • Name the three types of granulocytes.
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
  • What is the role of neutrophils?
    Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes; they phagocytose microbes and release enzymes to kill pathogens.
  • What is the primary function of eosinophils?
    Eosinophils protect against parasitic helminths and contribute to allergic responses.
  • What role do basophils and mast cells play?
    They release histamine and other chemicals to promote inflammation and increase capillary permeability.
  • What are the two main types of agranulocytes?
    Monocytes and lymphocytes.
  • What do monocytes differentiate into?
    Monocytes develop into macrophages and dendritic cells, both phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells.
  • What are lymphocytes responsible for?
    Lymphocytes (B and T cells) mediate adaptive immunity, while innate lymphoid cells provide innate immune responses.
  • What are platelets and their function?
    Platelets are cell fragments that plug holes in damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss.
  • What is hemostasis?
    A controlled process to stop bleeding involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
  • What occurs during vascular spasm?
    Immediate vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels to reduce blood flow and loss.
  • What is the role of von Willebrand factor in platelet plug formation?
    It acts as a bridge between platelets and exposed collagen, initiating platelet adhesion.
  • What are the three steps of platelet plug formation?
    Adhesion, activation & degranulation, and aggregation to form an unstable plug.
  • What stabilizes the platelet plug during coagulation?
    Fibrin forms a mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug into a blood clot.
  • What are the two pathways initiating coagulation?
    The extrinsic pathway (triggered by tissue factor outside blood) and the intrinsic pathway (triggered by factors within blood).
  • What is the sequence of key coagulation components?
    Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
  • What is clot retraction?
    Platelets contract to pull torn vessel edges together and secrete growth factors to promote healing.
  • What is fibrinolysis?
    The process of breaking down fibrin clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin after healing.
  • What might happen if fibrinolysis does not occur?
    There would be a buildup of blood clots, potentially causing blockages.