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Anatomy & Physiology - Blood Chapter 17 Flashcards

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  • What are the main components of blood?
    Blood consists of plasma (non-living fluid matrix) and formed elements (living cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).
  • What is hematocrit?
    Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes, typically about 47% ± 5% in males and 42% ± 5% in females.
  • What are the physical characteristics of blood?
    Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste, thicker than water, pH 7.35–7.45, and volume about 5–6 L in males and 4–5 L in females.
  • List the primary functions of blood.
    Blood functions in distribution (O2, nutrients, wastes, hormones), regulation (temperature, pH, fluid volume), and protection (clotting, infection prevention).
  • What are the major plasma proteins and their functions?
    Albumin (60%) maintains osmotic pressure and transport; Globulins (36%) transport and antibodies; Fibrinogen (4%) is essential for blood clotting.
  • Describe erythrocytes and their main function.
    Erythrocytes are biconcave, anucleate cells filled with hemoglobin, specialized for respiratory gas transport.
  • What is the structure of hemoglobin?
    Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chains (two alpha, two beta) each with a heme group containing iron that binds one O2 molecule.
  • What is hematopoiesis?
    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts).
  • Outline the stages of erythropoiesis.
    Myeloid stem cell → proerythroblast → basophilic erythroblast → polychromatic erythroblast → orthochromatic erythroblast → reticulocyte → mature erythrocyte.
  • What hormone regulates erythropoiesis and how?
    Erythropoietin (EPO), released by kidneys in response to hypoxia, stimulates red bone marrow to increase RBC production.
  • What dietary components are essential for erythropoiesis?
    Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, iron (for hemoglobin), vitamin B12, and folic acid (for DNA synthesis) are essential.
  • Describe the fate of aged erythrocytes.
    Old RBCs are engulfed by macrophages; hemoglobin is broken down, iron is recycled, heme is converted to bilirubin, and globin is metabolized to amino acids.
  • What is anemia?
    Anemia is a condition with abnormally low O2-carrying capacity of blood, caused by blood loss, low RBC production, or high RBC destruction.
  • What is polycythemia?
    Polycythemia is an excess of RBCs causing increased blood viscosity; types include polycythemia vera (bone marrow cancer) and secondary polycythemia (response to low O2).
  • What are leukocytes and their general functions?
    Leukocytes (WBCs) are defense cells that protect against disease, can leave capillaries by diapedesis, and move by ameboid motion.
  • Differentiate granulocytes and agranulocytes.
    Granulocytes have visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils); agranulocytes lack granules (lymphocytes, monocytes).
  • What is the role of neutrophils?
    Neutrophils are the most numerous WBCs, highly phagocytic, and kill bacteria using respiratory burst producing bleach and hydrogen peroxide.
  • What is the function of eosinophils?
    Eosinophils combat parasitic worms, modulate allergic responses, and contribute to tissue damage in asthma.
  • What do basophils do?
    Basophils release histamine, a vasodilator that attracts other WBCs to inflammation sites, and are similar to mast cells.
  • Describe the function of lymphocytes.
    Lymphocytes are crucial for immunity; T cells attack virus-infected and tumor cells, B cells produce antibodies via plasma cells.
  • What is leukopoiesis?
    Leukopoiesis is the production of WBCs stimulated by interleukins and colony-stimulating factors from hematopoietic stem cells.
  • What are platelets and their role?
    Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments from megakaryocytes that form temporary plugs to seal blood vessel breaks and release clotting chemicals.
  • What are the three steps of hemostasis?
    1. Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction), 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Coagulation (blood clotting with fibrin mesh).
  • What triggers platelet plug formation?
    Damaged endothelium exposes collagen; platelets stick via von Willebrand factor, swell, release chemicals, and recruit more platelets.
  • What is the goal of coagulation?
    To convert fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug and stops bleeding.
  • What is clot retraction?
    Platelets contract using actin and myosin, pulling fibrin strands to stabilize the clot and draw vessel edges together.
  • What is fibrinolysis?
    Fibrinolysis removes unneeded clots by activating plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin after healing.
  • What causes thromboembolic disorders?
    Undesirable clot formation due to rough vessel walls, slow blood flow, or blood stasis, leading to thrombus or embolus formation.
  • What are common anticoagulant drugs?
    Aspirin, heparin, warfarin, dabigatran, and Brilinta prevent clot formation or platelet aggregation.
  • What is hemophilia?
    A hereditary bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors, leading to prolonged bleeding and treated with plasma transfusions.
  • What are the ABO blood groups?
    Blood groups based on presence of A and/or B antigens on RBCs and corresponding antibodies in plasma; O is universal donor, AB universal recipient.
  • What is the Rh blood group system?
    Rh+ individuals have Rh antigens; Rh– do not. Rh– exposed to Rh+ blood develop anti-Rh antibodies causing transfusion reactions in subsequent exposures.
  • What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
    Occurs when an Rh– mother has an Rh+ fetus; mother's anti-Rh antibodies attack fetal RBCs in subsequent pregnancies, causing anemia in the baby.