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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?
    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
  • What is the main characteristic of hyaline cartilage?
    Provides support, flexibility, and resilience; most abundant skeletal cartilage.
  • Where is elastic cartilage found?
    In the external ear and the epiglottis.
  • What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?
    Highly compressed with great tensile strength; found in menisci of the knee and intervertebral discs.
  • What are the two types of cartilage growth?
    Appositional (matrix secreted on cartilage surface) and interstitial (chondrocytes divide within cartilage).
  • How are bones classified by shape?
    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
  • What is the function of bones?
    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
  • What are bone markings?
    Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as sites for muscle attachment, joint surfaces, or conduits for vessels and nerves.
  • What are the two main textures of bone?
    Compact bone (dense outer layer) and spongy bone (honeycomb of trabeculae).
  • What are the main parts of a long bone?
    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity, periosteum, and endosteum.
  • What is the periosteum?
    Double-layered membrane covering bone; outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer with osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
  • What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones?
    Thin plates of compact bone covered by periosteum, with spongy bone (diploë) inside; no diaphysis or epiphyses.
  • Where is hematopoietic (red) marrow found in adults?
    In the diploë of flat bones and the heads of the femur and humerus.
  • What is an osteon (Haversian system)?
    The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of lamellae surrounding a central canal.
  • What are canaliculi?
    Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal, allowing nutrient and waste exchange.
  • What are the organic components of bone?
    Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoid (unmineralized matrix of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen).
  • What are the inorganic components of bone?
    Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts), mainly calcium phosphates, responsible for bone hardness and resistance to compression.
  • What are the two types of ossification?
    Intramembranous (from fibrous membrane) and endochondral (replacing hyaline cartilage).
  • What are the functional zones of the epiphyseal plate during bone growth?
    Growth zone (mitosis), transformation zone (cell enlargement and matrix calcification), osteogenic zone (new bone formation).
  • What hormones regulate bone growth during youth?
    Growth hormone stimulates growth plate activity; testosterone and estrogens promote growth spurts and later induce epiphyseal plate closure.
  • What is bone remodeling?
    Continuous process where osteoblasts deposit bone and osteoclasts resorb bone, maintaining bone strength and calcium homeostasis.
  • What is the role of alkaline phosphatase in bone deposition?
    It is essential for mineralization of bone matrix.
  • How do osteoclasts resorb bone?
    By secreting lysosomal enzymes to digest organic matrix and acids to dissolve calcium salts.
  • Why is calcium important in the body?
    Necessary for nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, gland secretion, and cell division.
  • How does the hormonal mechanism regulate blood calcium levels?
    High blood Ca2+ triggers calcitonin release to deposit calcium in bone; low Ca2+ triggers parathyroid hormone (PTH) release to stimulate bone resorption.
  • What is Wolff's law?
    Bone grows or remodels in response to mechanical stress placed upon it.
  • How are bone fractures classified?
    By position of bone ends, completeness, orientation to long axis, and whether bone ends penetrate the skin.
  • What are common types of fractures?
    Comminuted, spiral, depressed, compression, epiphyseal, and greenstick fractures.
  • What are the stages in healing a bone fracture?
    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
  • What causes osteomalacia and rickets?
    Inadequate bone mineralization due to insufficient calcium or vitamin D deficiency.
  • What is osteoporosis?
    Disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leading to fragile bones, especially in postmenopausal women.