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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Function

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • What are the four basic processes common to all cell types?
    Cell metabolism, transport of substances, communication, and cell reproduction by division.
  • What are the three basic components of most animal cells?
    Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
  • Functions of the plasma membrane
    Provides structural support, communication with surroundings and other cells, and cell identification.
  • What is cytosol?
    The intracellular fluid mostly water with dissolved solutes, inclusions, and proteins; site of many chemical reactions.
  • What is the role of organelles in the cytoplasm?
    Organelles are cellular machines with specific functions that compartmentalize chemical reactions to protect cell structures.
  • Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane
    A dynamic fluid structure with phospholipids and proteins that can move laterally; includes integral and peripheral proteins.
  • What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
    Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane's fluid structure during temperature changes.
  • Define selective permeability of the plasma membrane
    Allows certain molecules to cross while blocking others, critical for cell survival.
  • What factors determine how substances move across the plasma membrane?
    Type of substance, membrane permeability, and concentration difference between cytosol and extracellular fluid.
  • Difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
    Simple diffusion moves nonpolar solutes directly through the bilayer; facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins for polar or charged solutes.
  • What is osmosis?
    Passive movement of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
  • How does tonicity affect cells?
    Isotonic: no volume change; Hypertonic: cell shrinks; Hypotonic: cell swells and may lyse.
  • What is primary active transport?
    Uses ATP directly to pump solutes against their concentration gradient, e.g., the sodium-potassium pump.
  • What is secondary active transport?
    Uses energy stored in concentration gradients created by primary active transport to move other substances against their gradients.
  • What creates the membrane potential?
    Separation of charges across the plasma membrane with positive outside and negative inside creates an electrical gradient.
  • What is endocytosis?
    Active transport process where the cell engulfs extracellular fluid, large molecules, or cells via vesicles.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    Membrane-bound organelles that produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative catabolism.
  • Role of ribosomes in the cell
    Sites of protein synthesis; free ribosomes make proteins for the cell, bound ribosomes make proteins for export or membranes.
  • Functions of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    Rough ER synthesizes proteins for export; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, stores calcium, and detoxifies chemicals.
  • What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?
    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion, membrane insertion, or lysosomes.
  • Describe the cytoskeleton
    Network of protein filaments (actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules) that maintain cell shape, provide strength, and enable movement.
  • What are microvilli, cilia, and flagella?
    Microvilli increase surface area; cilia move substances across cell surfaces; flagella propel the entire cell (e.g., sperm).
  • What is the nuclear envelope?
    Double phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus with pores allowing exchange between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
  • What is chromatin?
    DNA and associated proteins organized to compact the DNA; condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
  • What is the nucleolus?
    Region in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.
  • Outline the process of protein synthesis
    DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus; mRNA is translated into a polypeptide at ribosomes in the cytosol.
  • What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
    DNA replication occurs; each chromosome is duplicated to form sister chromatids.
  • List the stages of mitosis
    Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
  • What is cytokinesis?
    Division of the cytoplasm, organelles, and cell contents into two daughter cells after mitosis.
  • What is apoptosis?
    Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unrepairable cells.