뒤로Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Function
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Plasma membrane: outer boundary controlling movement in/out.
Cytoplasm: contains cytosol and organelles.
Nucleus: control center containing DNA.
Polar heads face watery environments; nonpolar tails face inward away from water, forming a bilayer.
Phospholipids, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycocalyx.
The membrane acts as a barrier and receptor site, allowing only certain substances to enter or leave the cell.
Molecules move from high to low concentration without protein or ATP.
Diffusion of water across a membrane, sometimes via aquaporins, from high to low water concentration.
Movement of substances high to low concentration through integral membrane proteins without ATP.
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using proteins and ATP energy.
Phagocytosis: cell eating large particles.
Pinocytosis: cell drinking extracellular fluid.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: specific molecules enter via receptors.
Secretory vesicle fuses with plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.
Consists of cytosol (fluid), organelles, and inclusions inside the plasma membrane.
Protein synthesis; free ribosomes function in cytosol, attached ribosomes on rough ER produce proteins for export or membrane.
Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes cholesterol and detoxifies.
Packages and ships proteins; proteins move from rough ER to cis Golgi, processed, then shipped from trans Golgi.
Ribosome → Rough ER → transport vesicle → cis Golgi → trans Golgi → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane → exocytosis.
Membrane-bound sacs with digestive enzymes that break down bacteria, viruses, and worn-out organelles.
Produce ATP as the cell's power plant; have outer/inner membranes, cristae, matrix, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.
Contain oxidase and catalase enzymes; detoxify harmful substances by converting hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (tough fibers), and microtubules (tubulin tubes) provide structure and aid division.
Centrosome contains centrioles that organize microtubules for cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindle formation.
Control center with nuclear envelope, pores, lamina, chromatin, and nucleolus; directs protein synthesis and stores DNA.
DNA double helix → wrapped around histones → nucleosomes → chromatin → chromatid → chromosome.
Chromatin is extended DNA/protein material; chromosome is condensed chromatin during cell division.
Interphase (G₁ growth, S synthesis, G₂ growth) followed by mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).
Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase → Cytokinesis (PMAT).
Chromatin condenses, sister chromatids join at centromere, centrosomes move apart, spindle forms, nuclear envelope breaks down.
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the cell center.
Centromeres split, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles via shortening microtubules.
Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelopes reform, nucleoli reappear, spindle disappears, two nuclei form.
Division of cytoplasm by contractile ring of actin microfilaments forming cleavage furrow, producing two daughter cells.