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Anatomy & Physiology: Cells, Tissues, and Homeostasis

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  • Levels of structural organization in the human body

    From simplest to most complex: Chemical (atoms & molecules), Cellular (cells), Tissue (similar cells), Organ (different tissues), Organ system (organs working together), Organismal (whole body).

  • Cell Theory main points

    1. Cell is basic unit of life. 2. Organism's activity depends on cells. 3. Cell structure dictates function. 4. Life continuity has cellular basis.

  • Three main regions of a generalized animal cell

    Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Plasma membrane.

  • Structure of the plasma membrane

    Fluid mosaic model: two layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail, with cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids scattered throughout.

  • Phospholipid arrangement in plasma membrane

    Hydrophilic polar heads face outward (water), hydrophobic nonpolar tails face inward, creating a barrier to water-soluble molecules.

  • Examples of cell diversity in the human body

    Fibroblasts (connect body parts), erythrocytes (carry oxygen), epithelial cells (line organs), muscle cells (movement), fat cells (store nutrients), macrophages (fight disease), nerve cells (control functions).

  • Four primary tissue types

    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissue.

  • Functions of epithelial tissue

    Protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion.

  • Special characteristics of epithelial tissue

    Cells fit closely, apical surface free, rests on basement membrane, avascular, regenerates easily.

  • Classification of epithelial tissue by layers and shape

    Layers: Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers). Shapes: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube), Columnar (column-shaped).

  • Simple squamous epithelium location and function

    Lines air sacs of lungs, capillaries, serous membranes; functions in diffusion, filtration, secretion.

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium location and function

    Found in glands, kidney tubules, ovaries; functions in secretion and absorption.

  • Simple columnar epithelium location and function

    Lines digestive tract; functions in secretion and absorption; contains mucus-secreting goblet cells.

  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium characteristics

    Single layer with varying cell heights, appears stratified; found in respiratory tract; functions in absorption and secretion.

  • Stratified squamous epithelium function and location

    Protective covering where friction is common; found in skin, mouth, esophagus.

  • Transitional epithelium function and location

    Allows stretching and returns to normal shape; found in urinary bladder and ureters.

  • Functions of connective tissue

    Protection, binding tissues, support, and varying blood supply.

  • Components of connective tissue extracellular matrix

    Ground substance (water, adhesion proteins, polysaccharides) and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular).

  • Bone tissue characteristics

    Osteocytes in lacunae, hard calcium matrix, collagen fibers; functions in protection and support.

  • Types of cartilage and their locations

    Hyaline (larynx, fetal skeleton), elastic (external ear), fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs).

  • Dense connective tissue locations

    Tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone), dermis of skin.

  • Loose connective tissue types and functions

    Areolar (packing tissue, holds organs), adipose (insulation, protection, fuel storage).

  • Blood as connective tissue

    Blood cells in fluid matrix (plasma); soluble fibers visible during clotting.

  • Major functions of nervous tissue

    Irritability (respond to stimuli) and conductivity (transmit impulses).

  • Three types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated, multinucleate), cardiac (involuntary, striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs), smooth (involuntary, no striations, spindle-shaped).

  • Homeostasis definition

    Maintenance of a stable internal environment; dynamic equilibrium necessary for life.

  • Components of a homeostatic control system

    Receptor detects change, Control center processes info, Effector responds to restore balance.

  • Negative feedback mechanism

    Shuts off or reduces original stimulus to maintain homeostasis; example: body temperature regulation.

  • Positive feedback mechanism

    Enhances original stimulus to accelerate process; examples: blood clotting, childbirth contractions.