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Anatomy & Physiology: Central Nervous System - The Brain

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • Functions of the Nervous System

    Sensory functions detect sensations; Integrative functions involve decision-making; Motor functions stimulate muscle contractions or gland secretions.

  • Divisions of the Brain

    Cerebrum: higher mental functions; Diencephalon: processes and relays info; Cerebellum: coordinates movement; Brainstem: controls involuntary processes.

  • White Matter vs Gray Matter in CNS

    White matter contains myelinated axons; Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

  • Cerebral Hemisphere Surface Features

    Gyri are ridges, Sulci are shallow grooves, and Fissures are deep grooves separating lobes and hemispheres.

  • Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres

    Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, and Insula lobes each have distinct sensory, motor, and association functions.

  • Primary Motor Cortex Location and Function

    Located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe; plans and executes voluntary movement.

  • Broca's Area Function and Damage

    Responsible for language production. Damage causes expressive aphasia, where speech is nonfluent but comprehension is intact.

  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex Location and Function

    Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe; interprets somatic sensory stimuli like touch and temperature.

  • Parietal Association Cortex Function

    Involved in spatial awareness and attention. Damage can cause neglect syndrome, ignoring half of the visual field or body.

  • Wernicke's Area Function and Damage

    Responsible for language comprehension. Damage causes receptive aphasia, fluent but nonsensical speech and poor understanding.

  • Primary Visual Cortex Function

    Receives and processes visual input; located in the occipital lobe.

  • Limbic System Role

    Involved in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior. Includes hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus.

  • Thalamus Function

    Acts as the main relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex; involved in consciousness and arousal.

  • Hypothalamus Functions

    Maintains homeostasis, regulates autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, sleep/wake cycle, hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

  • Epithalamus and Subthalamus Functions

    Epithalamus includes pineal gland producing melatonin; Subthalamus works with basal nuclei to control movement.

  • Cerebellum Role

    Coordinates voluntary movement and reduces motor error by integrating sensory input and motor commands.

  • Brainstem Functions

    Controls basic life functions like heart rate and breathing; mediates reflexes; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

  • Medulla Oblongata Features

    Contains pyramids where motor fibers decussate; controls autonomic functions and houses cranial nerve nuclei.

  • Reticular Formation and Reticular Activating System

    Reticular formation regulates sleep, pain, mood, and motor functions; RAS arouses cerebral cortex and maintains alertness.

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Functions

    Cushions brain, maintains temperature, removes waste, and increases buoyancy to prevent brain damage from its own weight.

  • Blood-Brain Barrier Composition and Function

    Formed by endothelial cells with tight junctions and astrocyte foot processes; protects brain by restricting passage of harmful substances.