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Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1 Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • What is Anatomy?

    structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What is Physiology?

    function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

  • What is Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy?

    Study of large, visible body structures without a microscope.

  • What is Regional Anatomy?

    Study of all structures in a particular area of the body.

  • What is Systemic Anatomy?

    Study of just one system, (cardiovascular, nervous, or muscular systems)

  • What is Surface Anatomy?

    Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin, like visible muscle masses or veins.

  • What is Microscopic Anatomy?

    Study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye, including cytology and histology.

  • What is Cytology?

    Microscopic study of plants and animal cells

  • What is Histology?

    Microscopic study of tissues.

  • What is Embryology?

    Study of anatomical and physiological development before birth.

  • What principle explains the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

    The principle of complementarity states that function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body from smallest to largest.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal levels.

  • What are the four types of tissues?

    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.

  • What defines the Organ level of structural organization?

    Contains two or more types of tissues working together to perform specific functions.

  • How many organ systems are there in the human body?

    There are 11 organ systems.

  • What are the 8 necessary life functions?

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What is the importance of maintaining boundaries?

    Separates internal environment from external; plasma membranes separate cells and skin separates the organism from the environment.

  • What is metabolism?

    All chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis or build up).

  • What are the survival needs of the human body?

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, and atmospheric pressure.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes; a dynamic state of equilibrium.

  • What are the three components of homeostatic control?

    Receptor (monitors environment), Control center (determines set point), and Effector (responds to control center).

  • What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?

    Negative feedback reduces the original stimulus; positive feedback enhances or exaggerates the stimulus.

  • Which feedback mechanism is used most often in the body?

    Negative feedback is used most often to maintain homeostasis.

  • Give an example of negative feedback.

    Control of body temperature: sweating to cool down when too hot.

  • Give an example of positive feedback.

    Blood clotting or labor contractions during childbirth.

  • What is the difference between afferent and efferent pathways?

    Afferent pathways carry information to the control center; efferent pathways carry commands from the control center to effectors.

  • What happens when homeostatic imbalance occurs?

    Increased risk of disease, contributes to aging, and control systems become less efficient.

  • What can happen if negative feedback mechanisms fail?

    Destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over, such as in uncontrolled fever.

  • What are the main communicating systems?

    nervous system- electrical impulses

    endocrine- hormones

  • What are variables?

    factors that can change