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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues

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이 집합의 용어 (23)

  • What is the basic structural and functional unit of the human body?
    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the human body.
  • Name the three main parts of a typical human cell.
    The three main parts are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
  • What is the function of the plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, maintaining the cell's internal environment.
  • Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.
    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that move laterally, creating a flexible and dynamic structure.
  • What are membrane proteins and their main types?
    Membrane proteins include integral proteins (embedded) and peripheral proteins (attached), serving as receptors, channels, and enzymes.
  • Define diffusion and its role in cells.
    Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration, allowing substances to enter or leave cells.
  • What is osmosis?
    Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward a higher solute concentration.
  • Explain active transport in cells.
    Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient via carrier proteins.
  • What is endocytosis?
    Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf substances by enclosing them in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.
  • Name the three types of endocytosis.
    Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • What is the cytoskeleton?
    The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provide structural support, shape, and aid in cell movement.
  • List the main organelles found in the cytoplasm.
    Main organelles include the mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration, supplying energy for the cell.
  • Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
    The RER has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in protein synthesis and modification.
  • What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?
    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery within the cell.
  • Define the nucleus and its function.
    The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities by regulating gene expression.
  • What is the cell cycle?
    The cell cycle is the series of events leading to cell division, including interphase and mitosis.
  • Name the phases of mitosis.
    Phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • What is apoptosis?
    Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled process to remove damaged or unnecessary cells.
  • Define epithelial tissue.
    Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, providing protection, absorption, and secretion.
  • What are the main types of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue types include loose connective, dense connective, cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • Describe muscle tissue types.
    Muscle tissue types are skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart), and smooth (involuntary).
  • What is the function of nervous tissue?
    Nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses to coordinate body functions.