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Anatomy & Physiology: Chemistry and Molecular Biology Basics

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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that takes up space.

  • What are elements and how many occur naturally?

    Elements are the simplest form of matter; 92 elements occur naturally.

  • What are the four most abundant elements in living organisms?

    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements in living organisms.

  • Describe the basic atomic structure.

    An atom has a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting in shells.

  • What charges do protons, neutrons, and electrons carry?

    Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.

  • What defines the atomic number and atomic mass of an element?

    Atomic number = number of protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons.

  • How do atoms form chemical bonds?

    Atoms form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to fill their outer shells.

  • What is the maximum number of electrons in the first and outer energy shells?

    First shell holds 2 electrons; outer shells hold up to 8 electrons.

  • What is an ionic bond?

    An ionic bond forms when oppositely charged ions attract after atoms gain or lose electrons.

  • What is a covalent bond and its types?

    A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons: single (2 electrons), double (4 electrons), triple (6 electrons).

  • Define molecule and compound.

    A molecule is two or more atoms combined; a compound is a molecule with different elements.

  • What is pH and what does it measure?

    pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; 7 is neutral, below 7 acidic, above 7 basic.

  • What are acids and bases in terms of ion release?

    Acids release hydrogen ions (H+); bases release ions that combine with hydrogen ions.

  • Why is water important in the body?

    Water is the most abundant compound, a solvent, helps transport materials, and participates in metabolic reactions.

  • What are carbohydrates and their function?

    Carbohydrates provide energy and are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

  • What are lipids and their types?

    Lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids; they supply energy and form cell structures.

  • What distinguishes saturated and unsaturated fats?

    Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in fatty acid chains.

  • What are proteins and their building blocks?

    Proteins perform many functions; built from amino acids with amino, acid, and R groups.

  • What causes protein denaturation?

    Protein shape can be altered by pH, temperature, radiation, or chemicals, called denaturation.

  • What are nucleic acids and their types?

    Nucleic acids store genetic info and aid protein synthesis; DNA (double-stranded) and RNA (single-stranded).

  • What are the nitrogenous base pairings in DNA?

    Adenine pairs with Thymine; Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

  • What are the nitrogenous base pairings in RNA?

    Adenine pairs with Uracil; Cytosine pairs with Guanine.