Anatomy & Physiology: Chemistry of Life

an atom with the same atomic number and number of protons but different mass number due to varying neutrons.

a physical combination of two or more substances where each retains its own properties.

a molecule with atoms of different elements. Mixed together by chemical bonds

Atoms tend to form bonds to have eight electrons in their valence (2nd) shell for stability.

Atoms tend to form bonds to have 2 electrons in their first outer shell for stability.

Gives and takes electrons. Electrons are transferred from a metal (giver) to a nonmetal (taker), forming cations and anions attracted by opposite charges.

negatively charged ion.

A bond formed when two or more nonmetals share electrons.

Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally; polar bonds share electrons unequally due to different electronegativities.

A weak attraction between the partially positive end of one dipole and the partially negative end of another.

Acid: releases H+ ions in solution (hydrogen donor) ; Base: accepts H+ ions or releases OH– ions.

Ranges from 0 to 14; pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic (alkaline).

A substance that stabilizes pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.

Dehydration synthesis joins monomers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose.

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated have one or more double bonds and are liquid.

Composed of glycerol, two fatty acid tails (nonpolar), and a phosphate head (polar); amphiphilic nature vital for cell membranes.

Primary: amino acid sequence; Secondary: alpha helix or beta sheet; Tertiary: 3D folding; Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains.

Loss of protein's shape and function due to heat, pH changes, or chemicals.

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Purines: adenine (A) and guanine (G); Pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

A pairs with T (2 hydrogen bonds), and C pairs with G (3 hydrogen bonds).

RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and uses uracil instead of thymine.

ATP stores chemical energy in high-energy phosphate bonds used to power cellular work.

at some point

two or more atoms chemically bonded

mix liquid with solid, can join and separate individual components (blood that settles and show the red blood cells).

Substances are in different phases but the particles will not settle.

Liquid mixed with solid, solid particles are not visible (milk and proteins)

liquid mixed with a solid. Solute (salt) dissolves in a solvent (water).

Atoms are hangry and go search for other atoms to connect to the vacant shells.

positively charged ion

charged particle that has lost or gained one or more electrons

unequal

Where air and water meet, the polar water molecules are more strongly attracted to one another that they are nonpolar to the air molecules.

number of protons in an atoms nucleus.

same number of neutrons and protons

the capacity to do work. energy can put matter into motion

is stored energy, but can release at some point

is potential energy that has been released or et in motion to perform work.

kinetic energy because they are in constant motion.

stored in the chemical bonds of all molecules and compounds

generated by the movement of charged particles

energy that has been directly transferred from one object to another.

the reactants have less energy than the product. they require outside energy (chemical, mechanical, electrical) from another source to proceed.

the reactants have more energy than the product. excess energy is stored in the reactants during the reaction.

catabolic, exchange (redox), and anabolic reactions

Large substances broken down into smaller ones (polymer --> monomers). Usually exergonic because chemical bonds are broken.

break apart to build back differently (AB+CD ---> AD+CB).

type of exchange reaction that occurs when electrons and energy are echanged instead of atoms.

lose- oxi

gain- reduce

when chemical bonds form (A+B --> AB). These are endergonic, fueled by chemical energy.

the atoms must collide with enough activation energy to overcome the repulsion of their electrons

Concentration, temperature, particle size and phase, and catalysts. These either reduce the activation energy or increase the likelihood of strong collisions between reactants

a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a reaction without changing the products or reactants.

Inorganic compounds generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen, and include water, acids, bases, and salts.

Organic compounds do include carbon bonded to hydrogen.

absorbs heat, carries heat when turning liquid to gas, it cushions and protects body structures, and acts as lubricant.

a polar covalent molecule

7.35 - 7.45

nonpolar hydrophobic molecules mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon