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Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts and Systems

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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of how structures are arranged together in the body.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how structures function with each other.

  • Name the biological levels of organization from simplest to most complex.

    Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

  • What are the main functions of living organisms?

    Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction.

  • What is the integumentary system responsible for?

    Protects the body from the external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, and regulates body temperature.

  • What is the primary function of the muscular system?

    Produces movement, controls body openings, and generates heat.

  • List key functions of the skeletal system.

    Supports and protects the body, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, and stores calcium salts.

  • How does the nervous system control the body?

    Regulates body functions through rapid communication using action potentials.

  • What is the role of the endocrine system?

    Controls body functions slowly through hormones secreted by glands.

  • What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

    Pumps and delivers blood, exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

  • What is the lymphatic system's primary function?

    Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity against disease.

  • What does the respiratory system do?

    Delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide, and maintains acid-base balance.

  • What is the digestive system responsible for?

    Obtains nutrients from ingested food and processes them for absorption.

  • What are the functions of the urinary system?

    Removes metabolic wastes, regulates blood volume and composition, and stimulates blood cell production.

  • What are the main roles of the reproductive system?

    Produces and transports gametes, secretes hormones, and supports fetal development (female).

  • Describe the anatomical position used for body descriptions.

    Body upright, facing observer, head and eyes forward, feet flat and forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward.

  • What are directional terms used for in anatomy?

    To describe one part of the body relative to another, e.g., anterior vs. posterior, lateral vs. medial.

  • Name the three main body planes and what they divide.

    Sagittal divides left and right, frontal divides anterior and posterior, transverse divides superior and inferior.

  • What are serous membranes and their function?

    Double-walled membranes lining body cavities that do not open to the exterior, producing serous fluid to reduce friction.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Dynamic equilibrium of internal variables maintained by functional interactions and body fluid balance.

  • What are the components of a feedback system?

    Receptor, control center, and effector regulate internal conditions in response to stimuli.

  • Differentiate negative and positive feedback.

    Negative feedback inhibits changes to maintain stability; positive feedback enhances changes, e.g., blood clotting.

  • What is the significance of gradients in physiology?

    Gradients drive physiological processes such as diffusion and nerve impulses.

  • Why is cell-to-cell communication important?

    It coordinates body functions and maintains homeostasis through signaling between cells.