Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/24

이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • What is the anatomical position and why is it used?

    Anatomical position is the body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward. It is used as a standard reference to describe locations and directions in the body.

  • What directional terms replace superior and inferior for the limbs?

    Proximal (closer to the trunk) and distal (farther from the trunk) are used for limbs instead of superior and inferior.

  • Name the four abdominopelvic quadrants and their significance.

    The quadrants are Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, and Left Lower. They help localize organs and diagnose pain or disease.

  • Define homeostasis and homeostatic imbalance.

    Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment. Homeostatic imbalance occurs when this regulation fails, leading to disease or death.

  • What are the components of a homeostatic control system?

    Components include stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector. They detect change, process information, and produce a response.

  • Compare negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

    Negative feedback opposes change to maintain stability; positive feedback amplifies change to complete a process. Negative feedback is more common.

  • Why is negative feedback the most common mechanism for homeostasis?

    Because it promotes stability by reversing deviations from set points, keeping variables within normal ranges.

  • Explain the role of the effector in feedback loops.

    The effector carries out the response to adjust the variable back toward normal in negative feedback or amplify the change in positive feedback.

  • Describe the homeostatic control during body temperature drop.

    Stimulus: temperature falls below normal. Receptor: thermoreceptors detect change. Control center: brain processes info. Effector: muscles shiver to generate heat.

  • Describe the homeostatic control during body temperature rise.

    Stimulus: temperature rises above normal. Receptor: thermoreceptors detect change. Control center: brain processes info. Effector: sweat glands activate to cool body.

  • Describe the homeostatic control during childbirth.

    Stimulus: uterine contractions. Receptor: stretch receptors in cervix. Control center: brain releases oxytocin. Effector: uterus contracts more forcefully (positive feedback).

  • Define a gradient and give examples relevant to physiology.

    A gradient is a difference in concentration, pressure, or temperature between two areas. Examples: concentration gradient, pressure gradient, temperature gradient.

  • List the four primary classes of biological macromolecules.

    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four primary macromolecule classes.

  • Describe the basic structure of an atom and types of chemical bonds.

    Atoms have protons, neutrons, and electrons. Bonds include ionic (transfer of electrons), covalent (sharing electrons), and hydrogen bonds (weak attraction).

  • How do nonpolar and polar covalent bonds differ?

    Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally; polar bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges.

  • Explain how water interacts with hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.

    Water dissolves hydrophilic (water-loving) substances but repels hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances.

  • What is the role of ATP in the cell?

    ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular processes.

  • Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.

    The plasma membrane is a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins that move laterally, allowing selective permeability.

  • Differentiate between integral and peripheral membrane proteins.

    Integral proteins span the membrane; peripheral proteins attach to the membrane surface.

  • Compare osmosis and diffusion.

    Diffusion is movement of solutes from high to low concentration; osmosis is diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

  • Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions on red blood cells.

    Hypertonic: cells shrink; isotonic: cells stay the same; hypotonic: cells swell or burst.

  • Explain the principle of complementarity of structure and function.

    The form of a structure is designed to best suit its function at all levels of organization.

  • What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

    Examples include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

  • What is the role of cell-cell communication in homeostasis?

    Cells communicate via electrical signals and chemical messengers to coordinate functions and maintain homeostasis.