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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3 Review: Nervous System

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  • Efferent vs Afferent Divisions

    Efferent division carries motor impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands. Afferent division carries sensory impulses from receptors to the CNS.

  • Functions of Axon, Dendrites, and Myelin Sheath

    Dendrites receive signals, axon transmits impulses away from the cell body, and myelin sheath insulates axons to speed up impulse conduction.

  • Resting Membrane Potential Polarity

    The inside of the cell is more negative than the outside at resting membrane potential.

  • Types of Neuroglia Cells

    Ependymal produce cerebrospinal fluid, oligodendrocytes myelinate CNS axons, and microglia act as CNS immune cells.

  • Steps of Graded and Action Potentials

    Graded potentials vary in size and occur in dendrites; action potentials are all-or-none signals that propagate along axons.

  • Phases of Action Potential

    Includes depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases, reflecting changes in membrane potential.

  • Path of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Circulation

    CSF circulates through the ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord.

  • Function of Choroid Plexuses

    Choroid plexuses produce cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles.

  • Three Layers of Meninges

    The meninges consist of pia mater (innermost), arachnoid mater (middle), and dura mater (outermost).

  • Gray vs White Matter Composition

    Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies; white matter contains myelinated axons.

  • Sensory Regions of the CNS

    Specific CNS regions process sensory input, including the dorsal parts of the spinal cord and sensory cortex.

  • Central vs Dorsal Parts of Spinal Cord

    Dorsal parts contain sensory neurons; central parts include gray matter and interneurons.

  • Last Vertebra of the Spinal Cord

    The spinal cord ends at the L2 vertebra.

  • Name of the End of the Spinal Cord

    The end of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris.

  • Functions of Gray and White Matter in Spinal Cord

    Gray matter processes information; white matter transmits signals up and down the spinal cord.

  • Components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    The PNS is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and associated ganglia.

  • Dermatomes vs Myotomes

    Dermatomes are skin areas supplied by sensory nerves; myotomes are muscle groups controlled by motor nerves.

  • Effect of the Vagus Nerve

    The vagus nerve primarily decreases heart rate and promotes digestion (parasympathetic effects).

  • Difference Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

    Somatic controls voluntary skeletal muscles; autonomic controls involuntary functions of organs and glands.

  • Types of Reflexes

    Includes autonomic (involuntary organ control), somatic (skeletal muscle), flexor (withdrawal), and plantar reflexes.

  • Muscle Spindle Function

    Muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length and trigger stretch reflexes.

  • Definition of Golgi Tendon Organ

    Golgi tendon organs sense muscle tension to prevent muscle damage from excessive force.

  • Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    The ANS has two divisions: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

  • Dual Innervation in ANS

    Most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves for balanced control.

  • Origin of Parasympathetic Nerves

    Parasympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord from the craniosacral regions.