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Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Study Guide

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  • Cardiovascular system
    Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.
  • Endocrine system
    Produces hormones that regulate body functions such as growth and metabolism.
  • Nervous system
    Controls body activities with electrical signals and processes sensory information.
  • Muscular system
    Allows movement of the body and maintains posture through muscle contraction.
  • Integumentary system
    Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss; includes skin.
  • Anatomical position
    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
  • Medial
    Toward the midline of the body.
  • Lateral
    Away from the midline of the body.
  • Distal
    Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
  • Anatomical planes
    Divisions of the body: sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), transverse (top/bottom).
  • pH scale
    Measures acidity or alkalinity; acidic <7, neutral =7, basic >7.
  • Electron charge
    Negative charge.
  • Proton charge
    Positive charge.
  • Neutron charge
    No charge (neutral).
  • Ionic bond
    Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
  • Covalent bond
    Chemical bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
  • Polar covalent bond
    Unequal sharing of electrons causing partial charges.
  • Nonpolar covalent bond
    Equal sharing of electrons with no charge separation.
  • Hydrogen bond
    Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
  • Glucose
    A simple sugar and primary energy source for cells.
  • Amino acid
    Building block of proteins.
  • Enzyme
    Protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
  • DNA function
    Stores genetic information for protein synthesis.
  • Base pairing in DNA
    A pairs with T, C pairs with G.
  • Base pairing in RNA
    A pairs with U, C pairs with G.
  • Passive transport
    Movement of substances across a membrane without energy input.
  • Active transport
    Movement of substances across a membrane requiring energy.
  • Epithelial tissue
    Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
    One layer of cube-shaped cells.
  • Flexion
    Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
  • Extension
    Increasing the angle between two body parts.
  • Osteoblast
    Bone cell that builds new bone.
  • Osteoclast
    Bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
  • Osteocyte
    Mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue.
  • Coronal suture
    Suture between frontal and parietal bones of the skull.
  • Atlas (C1)
    First cervical vertebra allowing 'yes' head movement.
  • Axis (C2)
    Second cervical vertebra allowing 'no' head movement.
  • Types of muscle tissue
    Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart), smooth (involuntary).
  • Neuromuscular junction
    Synapse where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle fiber.
  • Slow oxidative fibers
    Muscle fibers resistant to fatigue, used for endurance.
  • Sympathetic division
    Part of autonomic nervous system that prepares body for 'fight or flight'.
  • Negative feedback
    Homeostatic mechanism that reverses a change to maintain balance.
  • Taste buds location
    Located on the tongue and contain gustatory cells.
  • Rods function
    Photoreceptors in the eye that detect light and dark.
  • Auditory (Eustachian) tube
    Connects middle ear to throat to equalize pressure.