뒤로Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals
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Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology concerns the function of the body, how body parts work and carry out life-sustaining activities.
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, and Organismal levels.
The simplest level, involving atoms and molecules essential for life.
Cells are the smallest living units, each with specific functions.
Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a common function; examples include blood, muscle, and nerves.
Organs are structures composed of two or more tissue types working together for specific functions.
Organ systems consist of related organs working together to perform a common purpose.
The highest level, representing the entire living individual composed of all organ systems.
Maintaining boundaries separates internal and external environments, e.g., plasma membranes for cells and skin for the organism.
Movement includes body parts via skeletal muscles and substances via cardiac and smooth muscles.
Ability to sense and respond to stimuli, such as withdrawal reflex and breathing rate control.
Breakdown of ingested food and absorption of simple molecules into the blood.
All chemical reactions in body cells, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).
Removal of metabolic wastes like urea, carbon dioxide, and feces from the body.
Cellular reproduction is cell division for growth or repair; organismal reproduction is producing offspring.
Increase in size of a body part or the entire organism.
There are 11 organ systems working together to maintain life.
Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses receptors and glands.
Protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.
Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat.
Fast-acting control system responding to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.
Secretes hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes; heart pumps blood.
Returns leaked fluid to blood, disposes debris, and houses immune cells for defense.
Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via lung air sacs.
Breaks down food into absorbable units; eliminates indigestible food as feces.
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Male produces sperm and hormones; female produces eggs, hormones, supports fertilization, fetal development, and nourishes newborn.
Appropriate amounts of nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and atmospheric pressure.
Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease or dysfunction.
Receptor (detects change), Control center (processes info), Effector (responds to restore balance).
Output reduces or shuts off original stimulus to maintain stability, like a thermostat.
Response enhances original stimulus, accelerating the process; examples include blood clotting and labor contractions.