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Anatomy & Physiology Histology and Endocrine System Flashcards

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  • Layers of artery and vein walls
    Adventitia, media, and intima are the main layers; arteries have thicker media than veins.
  • Function of artery lumen
    The artery lumen is the central blood-carrying space surrounded by thick muscular walls.
  • Function of vein lumen
    The vein lumen is larger and less muscular, allowing blood to return to the heart under lower pressure.
  • Histology of respiratory alveoli
    Alveoli are thin-walled sacs surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange.
  • Structure of thyroid gland
    Contains follicles lined by epithelial cells producing thyroxine and stores colloid.
  • Parathyroid gland function
    Produces parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium levels.
  • Adrenal gland zones
    Includes zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, and medulla producing different hormones.
  • Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
    Clusters of endocrine cells producing insulin (β cells) and glucagon (α cells).
  • Types of pancreatic cells
    α cells produce glucagon, β cells produce insulin, and acinar cells produce digestive enzymes.
  • Anterior pituitary cell types
    Includes acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes producing various hormones.
  • Neutrophil identification
    A type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nucleus involved in phagocytosis.
  • Monocyte function
    A large white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages for immune defense.
  • Erythrocyte characteristics
    Red blood cells that carry oxygen via hemoglobin, lack nucleus.
  • Platelet role
    Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
  • Blood type testing
    Determines presence of A, B antigens and Rh factor to classify blood groups.
  • Effect of thyroxine on BMR
    Thyroxine increases basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular metabolism.
  • Role of TSH
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone regulates thyroid gland activity and hormone release.
  • Effect of propylthiouracil
    Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis, lowering BMR.
  • Estrogen effect on bone density
    Estrogen helps maintain bone density by inhibiting bone resorption.
  • Insulin effect on blood sugar
    Lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage.
  • Vagus nerve effect on heart rate
    Decreases heart rate via parasympathetic stimulation.
  • Epinephrine effect on heart rate
    Increases heart rate and contractility via sympathetic stimulation.
  • Surfactant function in lungs
    Reduces surface tension in alveoli, increasing tidal volume.
  • Asthma inhaler effect
    Dilates bronchioles to improve airflow.