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Anatomy & Physiology: Homeostasis and Control Systems

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이 집합의 용어 (12)

  • Define physiology.

    Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts.

  • List the levels of organization from simplest to most complex.

    Levels: chemical (atoms/molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

  • Name the ten physiological organ systems and their functions.

    Examples: circulatory (transports blood), respiratory (gas exchange), digestive (nutrient breakdown), nervous (control), muscular (movement), skeleton (support), endocrine (hormone regulation), urinary (waste removal), immune (defense), reproductive (offspring production).

  • Define homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What happens when homeostasis fails?

    Failure leads to disease, disorder, or death due to loss of internal balance.

  • Compare negative feedback, positive feedback, and feedforward control.

    Negative feedback reverses a change (e.g., body temperature regulation). Positive feedback amplifies a change (e.g., blood clotting). Feedforward control anticipates change (e.g., salivation before eating).

  • Distinguish between equilibrium and steady state.

    Equilibrium means no net change and no energy use. Steady state means constant conditions with energy input to maintain balance.

  • List the three components of a control system with an example.

    Components: receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), effector (carries out response). Example: Thermoregulation.

  • Explain the relationship between a regulated variable and its setpoint.

    The regulated variable is the factor controlled (e.g., temperature). The setpoint is the desired value the system maintains.

  • Compare local control, long-distance control, and reflex control.

    Local control acts near the stimulus. Long-distance control uses nervous/endocrine systems. Reflex control is an automatic long-distance response.

  • Explain the relationship between a response loop and a feedback loop.

    A response loop is the sequence from stimulus to response. A feedback loop modifies the response based on its effect on the regulated variable.

  • What happens to setpoints in biological rhythms? Give examples.

    Setpoints can change cyclically in biological rhythms, e.g., body temperature varies with circadian rhythm.