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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Organization and Homeostasis

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이 집합의 용어 (22)

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
    Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.
  • What are the main subdivisions of anatomy?
    Gross anatomy (regional, system, surface), microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology), and developmental anatomy (embryology).
  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.
  • Name the 11 organ systems of the human body.
    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.
  • List the necessary life functions for maintaining life.
    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
  • What are the survival needs of the human body?
    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
  • Define homeostasis.
    Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes; a dynamic state of equilibrium.
  • What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?
    Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.
  • How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?
    Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus, causing variable to change in opposite direction.
  • Give an example of negative feedback in the body.
    Regulation of blood glucose by insulin secretion from the pancreas.
  • How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
    Positive feedback enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, usually controlling infrequent events.
  • Give an example of positive feedback in the body.
    Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin.
  • What is the standard anatomical position?
    Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
  • Define the directional term 'proximal'.
    Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
  • Define the directional term 'distal'.
    Farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
  • What are the three main body planes?
    Sagittal (divides into right and left), frontal/coronal (divides into front and back), and transverse/horizontal (divides into top and bottom).
  • What cavities make up the dorsal body cavity?
    Cranial cavity (encases brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (encases spinal cord).
  • What cavities make up the ventral body cavity?
    Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm.
  • What is the function of serous membranes?
    Thin double-layered membranes that reduce friction by secreting serous fluid between organs and cavity walls.
  • Name the serous membranes associated with the heart, lungs, and abdominopelvic organs.
    Pericardium (heart), pleurae (lungs), and peritoneum (abdominopelvic organs).
  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).
  • What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
    Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac (inguinal), hypogastric, left iliac (inguinal).