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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Orientation

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of body function.

  • Name the major subdivisions of anatomy.

    Gross, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic (histology), developmental, embryology, pathological, and radiographic anatomy.

  • List the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal

  • What are the four major tissue types?

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

  • Define the anatomical position.

    Body standing erect, facing forward, eyes forward, feet together, upper limbs at sides, palms facing anteriorly, thumbs pointing away from body.

  • What is the difference between axial and appendicular regions?

    Axial forms the main axis: head, neck, trunk. Appendicular includes limbs: upper and lower limbs.

  • Name three anterior regional terms for the head and neck.

    Cephalic (head), frontal (forehead), cervical (neck).

  • What is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow?

    Antecubital

  • What is the anatomical term for the back of the knee?

    Popliteal

  • Define superior and inferior directional terms.

    Superior: toward the head or above. Inferior: toward the lower part or below.

  • Define medial and lateral directional terms.

    Medial: toward the body's midline. Lateral: away from the midline.

  • What do proximal and distal mean in limb terminology?

    Proximal: closer to the point of attachment. Distal: farther from the point of attachment.

  • What is the difference between superficial and deep?

    Superficial: toward or at the body surface. Deep: farther from the surface, more internal.

  • What are ipsilateral and contralateral?

    Ipsilateral: same side of the body. Contralateral: opposite sides of the body.

  • Name the three major body planes.

    Sagittal (right/left), frontal (anterior/posterior), transverse (superior/inferior).

  • What is the midsagittal plane?

    A vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves along the midline.

  • What are the two major subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

    Cranial cavity (contains brain) and vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord).

  • What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

    The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

  • Name the three major subdivisions of the thoracic cavity.

    Right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity, and mediastinum (which contains the pericardial cavity).

  • What is the difference between parietal and visceral serous membranes?

    Parietal lines the cavity wall; visceral covers the organ surface.

  • What is the function of serous fluid?

    Serous fluid reduces friction, allowing organs to slide smoothly during movement.

  • What does retroperitoneal mean?

    Located posterior to the peritoneum, outside the peritoneal cavity (e.g., kidneys).

  • Describe the 'balloon model' of serous membranes.

    Fist = organ; balloon touching fist = visceral serosa; outer balloon wall = parietal serosa; space between = serous cavity with fluid.

  • What are the major organ systems to recognize?

    Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems.

  • What is the basic vertebrate body plan?

    Tube-within-a-tube, bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, segmentation, pharyngeal pouches.

  • What does the dorsal hollow nerve tube develop into?

    The brain and spinal cord.