Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology II Exam I Study Guide: Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/52

이 집합의 용어 (52)

  • Functions of blood
    Transport of gases and nutrients, regulation of pH and temperature, and protection against infection and blood loss.
  • Major component of blood
    Water makes up the majority of blood volume.
  • Hematocrit definition
    The percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) relative to the total blood volume.
  • Buffy coat layer
    The layer in centrifuged blood containing white blood cells and platelets.
  • Agranulocytes vs granulocytes
    Agranulocytes have no granules (lymphocytes, monocytes); granulocytes have granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).
  • Most abundant white blood cell
    Neutrophil is the most common type of white blood cell.
  • When does hemopoiesis occur?
    During low oxygen (hypoxia) or when there are low red blood cells.
  • Myeloid vs lymphoid stem cells
    Myeloid stem cells produce granulocytes; lymphoid stem cells produce agranulocytes (T and B lymphocytes).
  • Erythropoietin (EPO) source and function
    Produced by the kidney, EPO stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
  • Where is oxygen held in RBCs?
    Oxygen binds to the heme group of hemoglobin, which contains iron.
  • Characteristics of red blood cells
    Biconcave discs, filled with hemoglobin, lack organelles, contain spectrin, and transport gases.
  • Characteristics of leukocytes
    True cells with organelles; some have granules; function in protection.
  • ABO blood group antigens and antibodies
    Antigens on RBC surface; antibodies in plasma. Group A has A antigen and anti-B antibodies; B has B antigen and anti-A antibodies; AB has both antigens and no antibodies; O has no antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
  • Universal donor and receiver blood types
    O is universal donor; AB is universal receiver.
  • Erythroblastosis fetalis cause
    Rh-negative mother sensitized to Rh-positive fetus blood; antibodies attack second Rh-positive fetus's RBCs causing hemolysis.
  • How do platelets adhere to vascular walls?
    Platelets adhere when collagen is exposed at injury sites.
  • Layers of the pericardium
    From outside in: fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium with pericardial fluid between parietal and visceral layers.
  • Layers of the heart wall
    Epicardium (same as visceral serous pericardium), myocardium, and endocardium (lines chambers).
  • Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
    Striated, branched, short cells with one central nucleus and intercalated discs containing gap junctions.
  • Function of chordae tendineae
    Attach papillary muscles to AV valves to prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.
  • Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?
    Left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body requiring higher pressure; right ventricle pumps only to lungs at lower pressure.
  • Fossa ovalis significance
    Remnant of fetal foramen ovale; an indentation in the interatrial septum after birth.
  • When are AV valves open and closed?
    Open during ventricular diastole (relaxation) to allow filling; closed during ventricular systole (contraction) to prevent backflow.
  • Location of semilunar valves
    Aortic valve at the aorta; pulmonary valve at the pulmonary trunk.
  • Heart valve auscultation points
    Tricuspid: 5th intercostal space right sternum; Mitral: 5th intercostal space left sternum; Aortic: 2nd intercostal space right sternum; Pulmonary: 2nd intercostal space left sternum.
  • Conduction system of the heart
    SA node (pacemaker), AV node (delay), Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers; ventricles contract when impulse reaches Purkinje fibers.
  • Why is impulse delayed at AV node?
    To ensure atria finish contracting before ventricles contract.
  • ECG wave meanings
    P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.
  • Cardiac output (CO) formula
    CO = \(SV \times HR\) (Stroke Volume times Heart Rate).
  • Stroke volume (SV) formula
    SV = EDV - ESV (End Diastolic Volume minus End Systolic Volume).
  • Frank-Starling law of the heart
    The more the ventricles are stretched during filling (preload), the greater the force of contraction and blood ejected.
  • Differences between arteries and veins
    Arteries have thicker walls, more smooth muscle and elastin, smaller lumen, and no valves; veins have thinner walls, larger lumen, less muscle, and valves to prevent backflow.
  • Tunics of blood vessels
    From inside out: Tunica interna (endothelium), Tunica media (smooth muscle), Tunica externa (connective tissue).
  • Characteristics of capillaries
    One cell thick endothelium (tunica interna), permeable for diffusion and filtration.
  • Which veins carry oxygenated blood?
    Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
  • Why is blood flow velocity slowest in capillaries?
    Because capillaries have the greatest total cross-sectional area.
  • Organ with constant blood flow
    The brain requires constant blood flow and is intolerant to ischemia.
  • Factors affecting vascular resistance
    Blood vessel diameter (smaller diameter increases resistance), vessel length, and blood viscosity.
  • Hepatic portal system function
    Carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
  • Pulmonary circulation importance
    Transports deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
  • Ductus arteriosus function
    Fetal vessel connecting pulmonary trunk to aorta to bypass lungs; becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth.
  • Cerebral vessel response to low oxygen
    Blood vessels vasodilate to increase blood flow.
  • Most important factor influencing local blood flow
    Peripheral resistance, mainly determined by blood vessel diameter.
  • Factors increasing blood pressure
    Epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin, and ADH increase blood pressure.
  • Factors decreasing blood pressure
    Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and alcohol (which blocks ADH) decrease blood pressure.
  • Flow of blood through the heart
    SVC/IVC → RA → Tricuspid valve → RV → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → LA → Mitral valve → LV → Aortic valve → Aorta.
  • Structure of lymphatic capillaries and vessels
    Capillaries are blind-ended with endothelial minivalves and very permeable; vessels have thin walls and more valves.
  • Structure of a lymph node
    Cortex with B cell follicles, paracortex with T cells, and medulla with mature cells.
  • Lymph node vessel flow
    Lymph enters via multiple afferent vessels and exits via fewer efferent vessels for slow flow.
  • Primary vs secondary lymphatic organs
    Primary: thymus (T cell education) and bone marrow (B cell education); secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches.
  • Functions of lymphatic organs
    Lymph nodes filter lymph; spleen cleans blood; tonsils trap debris; Peyer's patches and appendix protect intestines; thymus educates T cells; bone marrow educates B cells.
  • Where does most lymph drain back into circulation?
    Into the left subclavian vein.