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Anatomy & Physiology: Introduction and Basic Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and its parts.

  • List the levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex.

    1) Chemical level, 2) Cellular level, 3) Tissue level, 4) Organ level, 5) Organ system level, 6) Organismal level.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Name the three components of a homeostatic feedback mechanism.

    1) Receptor (sensor), 2) Control center, 3) Effector.

  • What is the role of the receptor in homeostasis?

    The receptor detects changes or stimuli in the environment.

  • What does the control center do in a feedback mechanism?

    The control center processes information from the receptor, determines the set point, and sends commands to effectors.

  • What is the function of the effector in homeostasis?

    The effector responds to commands from the control center to oppose or enhance the stimulus and restore balance.

  • Differentiate between negative and positive feedback.

    Negative feedback opposes a change to return to set point; positive feedback enhances a change to amplify a process.

  • Give examples of negative feedback mechanisms.

    Examples include regulation of blood glucose, body temperature, and blood calcium levels.

  • Give examples of positive feedback mechanisms.

    Examples include uterine contractions during childbirth, blood clotting, and breastfeeding.

  • What is the Standard Anatomical Position (SAP)?

    The SAP is a common reference position where the body stands upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Define the directional term 'superior (cranial)'.

    Superior means toward the head or upper part of a structure; above.

  • Define the directional term 'inferior (caudal)'.

    Inferior means away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure; below.

  • What does 'anterior (ventral)' mean?

    Anterior means toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

  • What does 'posterior (dorsal)' mean?

    Posterior means toward or at the back of the body; behind.

  • What is the difference between proximal and distal?

    Proximal is closer to the origin of a body part; distal is farther from the origin.

  • Name the three main body planes and their divisions.

    Transverse plane divides top and bottom; frontal (coronal) divides front and back; sagittal divides right and left parts.

  • What are the two major body cavities?

    The ventral body cavity and the dorsal body cavity.

  • What are serous membranes and their layers?

    Serous membranes line body cavities; parietal layer lines body wall, visceral layer covers organs; separated by serous fluid.

  • Name the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • What is the function of the skeletal system in the body?

    Provides protection, support, and hemopoiesis (blood cell production).

  • Which organ system controls communication and regulation?

    The nervous system, including brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

  • What is intrinsic regulation in homeostasis?

    Automatic response by cells, tissues, or organs to a change without nervous or endocrine input.

  • What is extrinsic regulation in homeostasis?

    Regulation initiated by the nervous or endocrine system to control multiple organs or systems.