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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Movements

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are articulations in the human body?
    Articulations are joints where two bones connect, allowing body movement.
  • What determines the range of motion and strength of a joint?
    The joint structure determines the direction and distance of movement (range of motion), and joint strength decreases as mobility increases.
  • What are the two main methods of classifying joints?
    Joints are classified by function (range of motion) and structure (anatomical organization).
  • Name the three functional classifications of joints.
    Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and Diarthrosis (freely movable).
  • What are the four structural classifications of joints?
    Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial joints.
  • Describe a suture joint.
    A suture is a fibrous synarthrotic joint where bones are interlocked and bound by dense connective tissue, found only in the skull.
  • What is a gomphosis joint?
    A gomphosis is a fibrous joint where a tooth is bound to its socket by the periodontal ligament.
  • Define synchondrosis and give an example.
    A synchondrosis is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between bones, such as the epiphyseal cartilage of long bones.
  • What is synostosis?
    A synostosis is a bony fusion where two bones fuse and the joint disappears, like the metopic suture of the skull.
  • What characterizes amphiarthroses joints?
    Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints stronger than freely movable joints, connected by ligaments (syndesmosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis).
  • What defines synovial joints (diarthroses)?
    Synovial joints are freely movable joints at the ends of long bones, surrounded by a two-layered articular capsule lined with synovial membrane.
  • What is the function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?
    Articular cartilage prevents bones from touching, provides smooth surfaces, and reduces friction for normal joint function.
  • List the three main functions of synovial fluid.
    Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption.
  • Name accessory structures found in synovial joints.
    Accessory structures include cartilages (menisci), fat pads, ligaments, tendons, and bursae.
  • What is the role of ligaments in joints?
    Ligaments support and strengthen joints by connecting bones and limiting excessive movement.
  • Describe the difference between a sprain and a dislocation.
    A sprain is a ligament injury with torn collagen fibers; a dislocation is when articulating surfaces are forced out of position, damaging cartilage and ligaments.
  • What is gliding movement at synovial joints?
    Gliding movement occurs when two flat surfaces slide past each other, such as between carpal bones.
  • Define flexion and extension movements.
    Flexion reduces the angle between bones in the anterior-posterior plane; extension increases the angle.
  • What is circumduction?
    Circumduction is a circular movement of a limb without rotation, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Explain the difference between medial and lateral rotation.
    Medial rotation turns a bone toward the body's axis; lateral rotation turns it away.
  • What special movements occur at the foot and ankle?
    Inversion twists the sole medially; eversion twists it laterally; dorsiflexion lifts toes; plantar flexion points toes downward.
  • What are the six structural types of synovial joints by shape?
    Gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • Describe the knee joint's main articulations.
    The knee joint includes two femur-tibia articulations at the condyles and one between the patella and femur's patellar surface.
  • Name the seven major ligaments supporting the knee joint.
    Patellar ligament, two popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial collateral ligament, and fibular collateral ligament.
  • What is a slipped disc and a herniated disc?
    A slipped disc is a bulge in the annulus fibrosus; a herniated disc is when the nucleus pulposus breaks through, pressing on nerves.
  • How does aging affect joints and bones?
    Aging causes degenerative changes like osteoarthritis, reduces bone mass, weakens bones, and increases fracture risk.
  • What factors affect bone strength?
    Age, physical stress, hormone levels, calcium and phosphorus balance, and genetic/environmental factors.